PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
M. Kretzoi. 1942. Necroteuthis n. g. (Ceph. Dibr., Necroteuthidae N. F.) aus dem Oligozän von Budapest und das system der Dibranchiata. Földtani Közlöny 72:125-238 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 127017 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale					Cambrian of Australia	Mesozoic Subages		Carboniferous of Western Europe		Ordovician of North America					Ten Million Year Bins	Cenozoic Subepochs
Phanerozoic	Cenozoic	Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan											Cenozoic 6		0
				Northgrippian													0.0042
				Greenlandian													0.0082
			Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene												Late Pleistocene	0.0117
				Chibanian												Middle Pleistocene	0.129
				Calabrian												Early Pleistocene	0.774
				Gelasian												Early Pleistocene	1.8
		Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian												Late Pliocene	2.58
			Pliocene	Zanclean												Early Pliocene	3.6
			Miocene	Messinian												Late Miocene	5.333
				Tortonian												Late Miocene	7.246
				Serravallian											Cenozoic 5	Middle Miocene	11.63
				Langhian												Middle Miocene	13.82
				Burdigalian												Early Miocene	15.98
				Aquitanian												Early Miocene	20.44
		Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian											Cenozoic 4	Late Oligocene	23.03
			Oligocene	Rupelian											Cenozoic 4	Early Oligocene	27.82
			Eocene	Priabonian											Cenozoic 3	Late Eocene	33.9
				Bartonian											Cenozoic 3	Middle Eocene	37.71
				Lutetian											Cenozoic 2	Middle Eocene	41.2
				Ypresian											Cenozoic 2	Early Eocene	47.8
			Paleocene	Thanetian											Cenozoic 1	Late Paleocene	56
				Selandian												Middle Paleocene	59.2
				Danian												Early Paleocene	61.6
	Mesozoic	Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian		Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian									Cretaceous 8		66
				Campanian		Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian									Cretaceous 7		72.1
				Santonian		Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian									Cretaceous 6		83.6
				Coniacian		Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian											86.3
				Turonian		Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian											89.8
				Cenomanian		Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian									Cretaceous 5		93.9
			Early Cretaceous	Albian		Late Albian									Cretaceous 4		100.5
						Middle Albian											106.2 *
						Early Albian											109.9 *
				Aptian		Late Aptian									Cretaceous 3		113
				Aptian		Early Aptian									Cretaceous 3		119.5 *
				Barremian		Late Barremian/Early Barremian									Cretaceous 2		121.4
				Hauterivian		Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian									Cretaceous 2		125.77
				Valanginian		Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian									Cretaceous 1		132.6
				Berriasian		Late Berriasian											139.8
						Middle Berriasian											140.6 *
						Early Berriasian											142.7 *
		Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian		Late Tithonian	Middle Tithonian								Jurassic 6		145
				Tithonian		Early Tithonian	Middle Tithonian								Jurassic 6		146.3 *
				Kimmeridgian		Late Kimmeridgian									Jurassic 5		149.2
				Kimmeridgian		Early Kimmeridgian											152.2 *
				Oxfordian		Late Oxfordian	Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian										154.8
				Oxfordian			Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian										157.9 *
			Middle Jurassic	Callovian		Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian											161.5
				Bathonian		Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian									Jurassic 4		165.3
				Bajocian		Late Bajocian											168.2
				Bajocian		Early Bajocian											168.6 *
				Aalenian		Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian									Jurassic 3		170.9
			Early Jurassic	Toarcian		Late Toarcian											174.7
						Middle Toarcian											180.4 *
						Early Toarcian											182.9 *
				Pliensbachian		Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian									Jurassic 2		184.2
				Sinemurian		Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian									Jurassic 1		192.9
				Hettangian		Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian									Jurassic 1		199.5
		Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian											Triassic 4		201.4
				Norian		Sevatian											208.5
						Alaunian											213.2 *
						Lacian											216.7 *
				Carnian		Tuvalian									Triassic 3		227
				Carnian		Julian									Triassic 3		233.4 *
Middle Triassic			Ladinian	Longobardian	Triassic 2	237
			Ladinian	Fassanian		239.7 *
			Anisian	Illyrian		242
				Pelsonian		243.8 *
				Bithynian		244.7 *
				Aegean		245.5 *
Early Triassic			Olenekian	Spathian	Triassic 1	247.2
			Olenekian	Smithian		248.9 *
			Induan	Dienerian		251.2
			Induan	Griesbachian		251.4 *
Paleozoic	Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian		Permian 4	251.902
		Lopingian	Wuchiapingian			254.14
		Guadalupian	Capitanian			259.51
			Wordian			264.28
			Roadian		Permian 3	266.9
		Cisuralian	Kungurian		Permian 2	273.01
			Artinskian			283.5
			Sakmarian			290.1
			Asselian		Permian 1	293.52
			Asselian		Permian 1	Kuzel		297.7
	Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian		Carboniferous 5			298.9
								Xiaodushanian	300 *
						Stephanian			Stephanian C	300.3 *
									Stephanian B	300.9 *
									Stephanian A	301.4 *
			Kasimovian						Stephanian A	303.7
									Cantabrian	305 *
								Dalaun		305.8 *
			Moscovian		Carboniferous 4					307
						Westphalian			Westphalian D	307.4 *
									Westphalian C	309.8
									Westphalian B	314.6
			Bashkirian						Westphalian B	315.2
									Westphalian A	317 *
								Huashibanian	Westphalian A	318.5 *
						Namurian			Yeadonian	318.8 *
									Marsdenian	320.2 *
								Lousuan	Marsdenian	321.2 *
									Kinderscoutian	321.5 *
									Alportian	322 *
									Chokierian	323.1 *
		Mississippian	Serpukhovian		Carboniferous 3			Dewunian	Chokierian	323.2
									Arnsbergian	324 *
									Pendleian	327.4 *
								Shangsian	Pendleian	330.8 *
			Visean		Warnantian	Brigantian †		Shangsian	Carboniferous 2	330.9
					Warnantian	Brigantian †		Jiusian		335 *
					Livian	Asbian †	336.3 *
					Moliniacian	Holkerian †/Arundian/Chadian	340.2 *
			Tournaisian		Ivorian		Carboniferous 1	Tangbagouan	346.7
			Tournaisian		Hastarian		Carboniferous 1	Tangbagouan	353.7 *
	Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian				Devonian 5		358.9
		Late Devonian	Frasnian				Devonian 4		372.2
		Middle Devonian	Givetian				Devonian 3		382.7
		Middle Devonian	Eifelian				Devonian 3		387.7
		Early Devonian	Emsian				Devonian 2		393.3
			Pragian				Devonian 1		407.6
			Lochkovian				Devonian 1		410.8
	Silurian	Pridoli					Silurian 2		419.2
		Ludlow	Ludfordian						423
		Ludlow	Gorstian						425.6
		Wenlock	Homerian						427.4
		Wenlock	Sheinwoodian						430.5
		Llandovery	Telychian				Silurian 1		433.4
			Aeronian						438.5
			Rhuddanian						440.8
	Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian				Cincinnatian		Gamachian	Ordovician 5	443.8
			Katian						Gamachian		445.2
									Richmondian		446 *
									Maysvillian		Rocklandian †/Shermanian/Ashbyan/Kirkfieldian/Blackriveran/Wildernessian/Trentonian/Franklinian	449.8 *
									Edenian			450.4 *
							Mohawkian		Chatfieldian			451.1 *
			Sandbian						Chatfieldian	Ordovician 4		453
									Turinian			453.7 *
Whiterockian							Canadian †		Chazyan †/Marmor		457 *
		Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian							Ordovician 3	458.4
			Dapingian							Ordovician 2	467.3
			Dapingian	Rangerian							469.1 *
Early Ordovician		Floian	Ibexian	Blackhillsian					Jeffersonian †		Cassinian †	470
		Floian		Tulean								473.9 *
		Tremadocian		Tulean						Ordovician 1		477.7
				Stairsian								480.3 *
				Skullrockian							Demingian †	482 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10					Datsonian					Cambrian 5	485.4
							Payntonian						486.8 *
							Payntonian						487.5
		Jiangshanian					Iverian						489.5
		Paibian					Idamean						494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian					Mindyallan					Cambrian 4	497
		Guzhangian					Boomerangian						499
		Drumian					Undillan						500.5
		Drumian					Floran						503
		Wuliuan					Templetonian					Cambrian 3	504.5
		Wuliuan					Ordian						507.8 *
	Series 2	Stage 4					Ordian						509
		Stage 4											510.8 *
		Stage 3										Cambrian 2	514
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2										Cambrian 2	521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian										Cambrian 1	529
Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran												538.8
		Cryogenian												635
		Tonian												720
	Mesoproterozoic	Stenian												1000
		Ectasian												1200
		Calymmian												1400
	Paleoproterozoic	Statherian												1600
		Orosirian												1800
		Rhyacian												2050
		Siderian												2300
Archean	Neoarchean													2500
	Mesoarchean													2800
	Paleoarchean													3200
	Eoarchean													3600
Hadean						4000
																	4600