PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
J. Meng and M. C. McKenna. 1998. Faunal turnovers of Paleogene mammals from the Mongolian Plateau. Nature 394:364-367 view
F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
D. H. Erwin and S. A. Bowring. 2004. Cambrian time scale. view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 127017 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Cambrian of Australia	Ten Million Year Bins	Silurian of England		Cambrian of Kazakhstan	Paleogene Mammal Ages of Asia		Mesozoic Subages		Carboniferous Subepochs	Devonian of Czechoslovakia	Carboniferous of China	Cambrian of Siberia
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan		Cenozoic 6												0
		Northgrippian														0.0042
		Greenlandian														0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene														0.0117
		Chibanian														0.129
		Calabrian														0.774
		Gelasian														1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian														2.58
	Pliocene	Zanclean														3.6
	Miocene	Messinian														5.333
		Tortonian														7.246
		Serravallian		Cenozoic 5												11.63
		Langhian														13.82
		Burdigalian														15.98
		Aquitanian														20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian		Cenozoic 4				Tabenbulakian	Hsandagolian							23.03
	Oligocene	Rupelian		Cenozoic 4				Kekeamuan	Hsandagolian							27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian		Cenozoic 3				Houldjinian/Ergilian/Ulangochuian								33.9
		Bartonian		Cenozoic 3				Sharamurunian/Irdinmanhan/Arshantan								37.71
		Lutetian		Cenozoic 2												41.2
		Ypresian		Cenozoic 2					Bumbanian							47.8
	Paleocene	Thanetian		Cenozoic 1				Gashatan								56
		Selandian														59.2
		Danian														61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian		Cretaceous 8						Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian						66
		Campanian		Cretaceous 7						Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian						72.1
		Santonian		Cretaceous 6						Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian						83.6
		Coniacian								Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian						86.3
		Turonian								Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian						89.8
		Cenomanian		Cretaceous 5						Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian						93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian		Cretaceous 4						Late Albian						100.5
										Middle Albian						106.2 *
										Early Albian						109.9 *
		Aptian		Cretaceous 3						Late Aptian						113
		Aptian		Cretaceous 3						Early Aptian						119.5 *
		Barremian		Cretaceous 2						Late Barremian/Early Barremian						121.4
		Hauterivian		Cretaceous 2						Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian						125.77
		Valanginian		Cretaceous 1						Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian						132.6
		Berriasian								Late Berriasian						139.8
										Middle Berriasian						140.6 *
										Early Berriasian						142.7 *
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian		Jurassic 6						Late Tithonian	Middle Tithonian					145
		Tithonian		Jurassic 6						Early Tithonian	Middle Tithonian					146.3 *
		Kimmeridgian		Jurassic 5						Late Kimmeridgian						149.2
		Kimmeridgian								Early Kimmeridgian						152.2 *
		Oxfordian								Late Oxfordian	Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian					154.8
		Oxfordian									Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian					157.9 *
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian								Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian						161.5
		Bathonian		Jurassic 4						Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian						165.3
		Bajocian								Late Bajocian						168.2
		Bajocian								Early Bajocian						168.6 *
		Aalenian		Jurassic 3						Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian						170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian								Late Toarcian						174.7
										Middle Toarcian						180.4 *
										Early Toarcian						182.9 *
		Pliensbachian		Jurassic 2						Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian						184.2
		Sinemurian		Jurassic 1						Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian						192.9
		Hettangian		Jurassic 1						Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian						199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian		Triassic 4												201.4
		Norian								Sevatian						208.5
										Alaunian						213.2 *
										Lacian						216.7 *
		Carnian		Triassic 3						Tuvalian						227
		Carnian		Triassic 3						Julian						233.4 *
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian	Triassic 2	Longobardian	237
		Ladinian		Fassanian	239.7 *
		Anisian		Illyrian	242
				Pelsonian	243.8 *
				Bithynian	244.7 *
				Aegean	245.5 *
	Early Triassic	Olenekian	Triassic 1	Spathian	247.2
		Olenekian		Smithian	248.9 *
		Induan		Dienerian	251.2
		Induan		Griesbachian	251.4 *
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian	Permian 4		251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian			254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian			259.51
		Wordian			264.28
		Roadian	Permian 3		266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian	Permian 2		273.01
		Artinskian			283.5
		Sakmarian			290.1
		Asselian	Permian 1		293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian	Carboniferous 5		Late Pennsylvanian	298.9
		Gzhelian				Xiaodushanian	300 *
		Kasimovian				Xiaodushanian	303.7
		Kasimovian				Dalaun	305.8 *
		Moscovian	Carboniferous 4		Middle Pennsylvanian		307
		Bashkirian			Early Pennsylvanian		315.2
						Huashibanian	318.5 *
						Lousuan	321.2 *
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian	Carboniferous 3		Late Mississippian	Dewunian	323.2
		Serpukhovian	Carboniferous 3		Late Mississippian	Shangsian	330.8 *
		Visean	Carboniferous 2		Middle Mississippian	Shangsian	330.9
		Visean	Carboniferous 2		Middle Mississippian	Jiusian	335 *
		Tournaisian	Carboniferous 1		Early Mississippian	Tangbagouan	346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian	Devonian 5				358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian	Devonian 4				372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian	Devonian 3				Srbsko	382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian	Devonian 3				Chotec	387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian	Devonian 2				Daleje/Zlichovian	393.3
		Pragian	Devonian 1				Pragian	407.6
		Lochkovian	Devonian 1				Lochkovian	410.8
Silurian	Pridoli		Silurian 2				Red Downtonian/Temeside Shales/Downton Castle	Whitcliffe/Leintwardine		419.2
	Pridoli						Red Downtonian/Temeside Shales/Downton Castle	Bringewood/Elton		421.3
	Ludlow	Ludfordian					Coalbrookdale	Wenlock (England)/Tickwood		423
		Gorstian								425.6
		Gorstian						Buildwas		426.4 *
	Wenlock	Homerian						Buildwas		427.4
		Homerian					Wych	Woolhope		428.4 *
		Sheinwoodian								430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian	Silurian 1							433.4
		Telychian								436.3 *
		Aeronian								438.5
		Aeronian					Cowleigh Park			439.3 *
		Rhuddanian					Cowleigh Park			440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian	Ordovician 5							443.8
		Katian	Ordovician 5							445.2
		Sandbian	Ordovician 4							453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian	Ordovician 3							458.4
	Middle Ordovician	Dapingian	Ordovician 2							467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian	Ordovician 2							470
		Tremadocian	Ordovician 1							Ungurian	477.7
		Tremadocian	Ordovician 1							Ungurian	Mansian †	483.55 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10	Datsonian							Cambrian 5	Batyrbaian	Batyrbaian	Tavgian †	Ketyan †/Yurakian	485.4
		Stage 10	Payntonian												486.8 *
		Jiangshanian	Iverian												489.5
											Aksaian	Aksaian			490.7 *
											Sakian	Sakian			492.2 *
		Paibian	Idamean												494
		Paibian	Idamean											Ensyan †/Maduan/Nganasanian	494.7 *
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian	Mindyallan							Cambrian 4	Ayusokkanian	Ayusokkanian			497
			Boomerangian								Ayusokkanian	Ayusokkanian			499
			Boomerangian									Mayan/Menevian			499.5
		Drumian	Undillan								Zhanaarykian				500.5
		Drumian	Floran								Tuesaian				503
		Wuliuan	Templetonian							Cambrian 3	Tuesaian	Amgan/Solvan			504.5
			Templetonian												505.3
			Ordian	507.8 *
	Series 2	Stage 4		509
				Toyonian							Toyonian	Lenian †	510 *
				Toyonian							Toyonian		510.8 *
				Botomian							Botomian		512.5 *
		Stage 3		Botomian						Cambrian 2	Botomian		514
		Stage 3		Atdabanian							Atdabanian		515.6 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2		Tommotian							Tommotian		521
		Stage 2									Nemakit-Daldynian		525.5
		Fortunian								Cambrian 1	Nemakit-Daldynian	Manykaian †	529
																538.8