PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
P. L. Gibbard, M. J. Head, and M. J. C. Walker. 2010. Formal ratification of the Quaternary System/Period and the Pleistocene Series/Epoch with a base at 2.58 Ma. Journal of Quaternary Science 25(2):96-102 view
M. Harzhauser and W. E. Piller. 2004. Integrated stratigraphy of the Sarmatian (Upper Middle Miocene) in the western Central Paratethys. Stratigraphy 1(1):65-86 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
D. H. Erwin and S. A. Bowring. 2004. Cambrian time scale. view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126762 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Cambrian of China		Cenozoic Subepochs of Southern Europe	Central Paratethys Stages	Ammonite Chrons of North America			Carboniferous of North America	Cambrian of Australia	Cretaceous-Cenozoic of New Zealand
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan										Wanganui	Haweran	0
		Northgrippian												0.0042
		Greenlandian												0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene			Tarantian									0.0117
		Chibanian			Ionian									0.129
		Chibanian			Ionian								Castlecliffian	0.34
		Calabrian											Castlecliffian	0.774
		Calabrian											Nukumaruan	1.63
		Gelasian											Nukumaruan	1.8
		Gelasian											Mangapanian	2.4
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian											Mangapanian	2.58
		Piacenzian											Waipipian	3
		Zanclean											Waipipian	3.6
		Zanclean											Opoitian	3.7
	Miocene	Messinian										Taranaki	Kapitean	5.333
		Messinian											Tongaporutuan	7.2
		Tortonian				Pannonian							Tongaporutuan	7.246
		Tortonian				Pannonian						Southland	Waiauan	11.04
		Serravallian				Sarmatian								11.63
						Badenian								12.8 *
						Badenian							Lillburnian	13.05
		Langhian											Lillburnian	13.82
													Clifdenian	15.1
												Pareora	Altonian	15.9
		Burdigalian											Altonian	15.98
		Burdigalian											Otaian	18.7
		Aquitanian											Otaian	20.44
		Aquitanian										Landon	Waitakian	21.7
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian											Waitakian	23.03
													Duntroonian	25.2
													Whaingaroan	27.3
		Rupelian												27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian												33.9
												Arnold	Runangan	34.6
													Kaiatan	36.7
		Bartonian											Kaiatan	37.71
		Bartonian											Bortonian	39.1
		Lutetian											Bortonian	41.2
												Dannevirke	Porangan	42.6
													Heretaungan	45.7
		Ypresian											Heretaungan	47.8
													Mangaorapan	48.9
													Waipawan	52
	Paleocene	Thanetian											Teurian	56
		Selandian												59.2
		Danian												61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian										Mata	Haumurian	66
		Campanian											Haumurian	72.1
		Santonian											Piripauan	83.6
		Santonian										Raukumara	Teratan	86.1
		Coniacian												86.3
		Turonian												89.8
													Mangaotanean	90.5
													Arowhanan	93.7
		Cenomanian											Arowhanan	93.9
												Clarence	Ngaterian	95.2
													Motuan	99.5
	Early Cretaceous	Albian											Motuan	100.5
													Urutawan	103.3
												Taitai	Korangan	108.4
		Aptian											Korangan	113
		Aptian												117.5
		Barremian												121.4
		Hauterivian												125.77
		Valanginian	132.6
		Berriasian	139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian		145
		Kimmeridgian		149.2
		Oxfordian		154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian		161.5
		Bathonian		165.3
		Bajocian		Epizigzagiceras	168.2
		Bajocian		Rotundum/Oblatum/Kirschneri/Crassicostatus/Widebayense	168.4
		Aalenian		Howelli/Scissum/Westermanni	170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian		Yakounensis/Hillebrandti/Crassicosta	174.7
				Planulata	179.3 *
				Planulata	Arnioceras arnouldi		179.8 *
				Kanense			181.3 *
				Carlottense			182.3 *
				Kunae			183.5 *
		Pliensbachian		Kunae			184.2
				Freboldi			185.1 *
				Whiteavesi/Imlayi			Tetraspidoceras	186.2 *
							Tetraspidoceras	189.2 *
				Plesechioceras harbledownense/Asteroceras varians/Coroniceras			Canadensis	190.3 *
		Sinemurian				192.9
				Pseudaetomoceras	Psiloceras	196.4 *
				Franziceras/Euphyllites			196.5 *
		Hettangian		Franziceras/Euphyllites			199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian					201.4
		Norian					208.5
		Carnian					227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian					237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian					242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian					247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan					251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian					251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian					254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian					259.51
		Wordian					264.28
		Roadian					266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian					273.01
		Artinskian					283.5
		Sakmarian					290.1
		Asselian					Bursumian †	293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian					Virgilian	298.9
		Kasimovian					Missourian	303.7
		Kasimovian					Desmoinesian	305.9 *
		Moscovian					Desmoinesian	307
		Moscovian					Atokan	312.7 *
		Bashkirian					Atokan	315.2
		Bashkirian					Morrowan	318.4 *
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian					Chesterian	323.2
		Visean					Chesterian	330.9
							Meramecian	335.8 *
							Osagean	343.1 *
		Tournaisian					Osagean	346.7
		Tournaisian					Kinderhookian	351.9 *
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian						358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian						372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian						382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian						387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian						393.3
		Pragian						407.6
		Lochkovian						410.8
Silurian	Pridoli							419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian						423
	Ludlow	Gorstian						425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian						427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian						430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian	433.4
		Aeronian	438.5
		Rhuddanian	440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian	443.8
		Katian	445.2
		Sandbian	453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian	458.4
	Middle Ordovician	Dapingian	467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian	470
		Tremadocian	477.7
		Tremadocian	Mansian †					483.55 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10	Niuchehean					Taoyuanian †	Datsonian	Batyrbaian	Tavgian †	Ketyan †/Yurakian	485.4
		Stage 10	Niuchehean						Payntonian				486.8 *
		Jiangshanian	Jiangshanian						Iverian				489.5
										Aksaian			490.7 *
										Sakian			492.2 *
		Paibian	Paibian						Idamean				494
												Ensyan †/Maduan/Nganasanian	494.7 *
								Waergangian †/Youshuanian				Ensyan †/Maduan/Nganasanian	494.9 *
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian	Guzhangian					Wangcunian †	Mindyallan	Ayusokkanian			497
									Boomerangian	Ayusokkanian			499
						Mayan/Menevian			Boomerangian	499.5
		Drumian	Drumian						Undillan	500.5
		Drumian	Drumian	Floran	503
		Wuliuan	Wuliuan/Taijangian		Templetonian	Amgan/Solvan		504.5
		Wuliuan	Wuliuan/Taijangian		Ordian			507.8 *
	Series 2	Stage 4	Duyunian					509
						Toyonian		Lenian †	510 *
						Toyonian			510.8 *
						Botomian			512.5 *
		Stage 3	Nangaoian			Botomian			514
		Stage 3	Nangaoian			Atdabanian			515.6 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2	Meishucunian			Tommotian			521
		Stage 2				Nemakit-Daldynian			525.5
		Fortunian						Manykaian †	529
		Fortunian	Jinnigian					Manykaian †	530.7
														538.8