PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
F. F. Steininger, W. A. Berggren, D. V. Kent, R. L. Bernor, S. Sen and J. Agusti. 1996. Circum-Mediterranean Neogene (Miocene and Pliocene) marine-continental chronologic correlations of European mammal units. The Evolution of Western Eurasian Neogene Mammal Faunas (eds. R. L. Bernor, V. Fahlbusch, and H.-W. Mittmann) view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
J. A. Lillegraven and M. C. McKenna. 1986. Fossil mammals from the "Mesaverde" Formation (Late Cretaceous, Judithian) of the Bighorn and Wind River basins, Wyoming, with definitions of Late Cretaceous North American Land-Mammal "Ages". American Museum Novitates 2840:1-68 view
M. Harzhauser and W. E. Piller. 2004. Integrated stratigraphy of the Sarmatian (Upper Middle Miocene) in the western Central Paratethys. Stratigraphy 1(1):65-86 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126848 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Cambrian of China		European Faunal Units	Devonian of Germany	Permian of Western Europe	Cretaceous North American Land-Mammal Ages	Central Paratethys Stages
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian			Villanyian					2.58
		Piacenzian			Ruscinian					3.1 *
		Zanclean			Ruscinian					3.6
	Miocene	Messinian			Turolian					5.333
		Tortonian			Turolian				Pannonian	7.246
		Tortonian			Vallesian				Pannonian	8.7
		Serravallian			Astaracian				Sarmatian	11.63
		Serravallian							Badenian	12.8 *
		Langhian								13.82
		Burdigalian			Orleanian					15.98
		Burdigalian			Agenian					20
		Aquitanian			Agenian					20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian								23.03
	Oligocene	Rupelian								27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian								33.9
		Bartonian								37.71
		Lutetian								41.2
		Ypresian								47.8
	Paleocene	Thanetian								56
		Selandian								59.2
		Danian								61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian						Lancian/Edmontonian		66
		Campanian						Judithian/Aquilan		72.1
		Santonian								83.6
		Coniacian								86.3
		Turonian								89.8
		Cenomanian								93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian								100.5
		Aptian								113
		Barremian								121.4
		Hauterivian								125.77
		Valanginian								132.6
		Berriasian								139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian								145
		Kimmeridgian								149.2
		Oxfordian								154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian								161.5
		Bathonian								165.3
		Bajocian								168.2
		Aalenian								170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian								174.7
		Pliensbachian								184.2
		Sinemurian								192.9
		Hettangian								199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian								201.4
		Norian								208.5
		Carnian								227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian								237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian								242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian								247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan								251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian								251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian					Zechstein			254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian					Rotliegendes			259.51
		Wordian								264.28
		Roadian								266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian								273.01
		Artinskian					Autunian			283.5
		Sakmarian								290.1
		Asselian								293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian								298.9
		Kasimovian								303.7
		Moscovian								307
		Bashkirian								315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian	323.2
		Visean	330.9
		Tournaisian	346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian	Wocklum/Dasberg/Hemberg/Nehden	Late Famennian		358.9
				Middle Famennian		365.3 *
				Early Famennian		368.5 *
		Frasnian	Adorf	Late Frasnian		372.2
				Middle Frasnian		375.4 *
				Early Frasnian		379.3 *
	Middle Devonian	Givetian	Givetian	Late Givetian		382.7
				Middle Givetian		383.7 *
				Early Givetian		385.9 *
		Eifelian	Eifelian	Late Eifelian	387.7
		Eifelian	Eifelian	Early Eifelian	390.3 *
	Early Devonian	Emsian	Emsian	Late Emsian	393.3
		Emsian	Emsian	Early Emsian	398.3 *
		Pragian	Siegen	Pragian	407.6
		Lochkovian	Gedinnine	Late Lochkovian	410.8
				Middle Lochkovian	412.8 *
				Early Lochkovian	415.6 *
Silurian	Pridoli				419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian			423
	Ludlow	Gorstian			425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian			427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian			430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian			433.4
		Aeronian			438.5
		Rhuddanian			440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian			443.8
		Katian			445.2
		Sandbian			453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian			458.4
	Middle Ordovician	Dapingian			467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian			470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian			477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10			Niuchehean	Taoyuanian †		485.4
		Jiangshanian			Jiangshanian			489.5
		Paibian			Paibian			494
		Paibian			Paibian	Waergangian †/Youshuanian		494.9 *
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian			Guzhangian	Wangcunian †		497
		Drumian			Drumian	Wangcunian †		500.5
		Wuliuan			Wuliuan/Taijangian			504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4			Duyunian			509
	Series 2	Stage 3			Nangaoian			514
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2			Meishucunian			521
		Fortunian			Meishucunian			529
		Fortunian			Jinnigian			530.7
										538.8