PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
D. H. Erwin and S. A. Bowring. 2004. Cambrian time scale. view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view
J. Meng and M. C. McKenna. 1998. Faunal turnovers of Paleogene mammals from the Mongolian Plateau. Nature 394:364-367 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126831 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Cambrian of China		Carboniferous Subepochs	Cambrian of Siberia			Silurian of the Baltic	Ordovician of the Baltic				Paleogene Mammal Ages of Asia		Cambrian of North America		Carboniferous of North America	Devonian of Germany
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian												Tabenbulakian	Hsandagolian					23.03
	Oligocene	Rupelian												Kekeamuan	Hsandagolian					27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian												Houldjinian/Ergilian/Ulangochuian						33.9
		Bartonian												Sharamurunian/Irdinmanhan/Arshantan						37.71
		Lutetian																		41.2
		Ypresian													Bumbanian					47.8
	Paleocene	Thanetian												Gashatan						56
		Selandian																		59.2
		Danian																		61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian																		66
		Campanian																		72.1
		Santonian																		83.6
		Coniacian																		86.3
		Turonian																		89.8
		Cenomanian																		93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian																		100.5
		Aptian																		113
		Barremian																		121.4
		Hauterivian																		125.77
		Valanginian																		132.6
		Berriasian																		139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian																		145
		Kimmeridgian																		149.2
		Oxfordian																		154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian																		161.5
		Bathonian																		165.3
		Bajocian																		168.2
		Aalenian																		170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian																		174.7
		Pliensbachian																		184.2
		Sinemurian																		192.9
		Hettangian																		199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian																		201.4
		Norian																		208.5
		Carnian																		227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian																		237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian																		242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian																		247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan																		251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian																		251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian																		254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian																		259.51
		Wordian																		264.28
		Roadian																		266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian																		273.01
		Artinskian																		283.5
		Sakmarian																		290.1
		Asselian																Bursumian †		293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian			Late Pennsylvanian													Virgilian		298.9
		Kasimovian																Missourian		303.7
		Kasimovian																Desmoinesian		305.9 *
		Moscovian			Middle Pennsylvanian													Desmoinesian		307
		Moscovian			Middle Pennsylvanian													Atokan		312.7 *
		Bashkirian			Early Pennsylvanian													Atokan		315.2
		Bashkirian			Early Pennsylvanian													Morrowan		318.4 *
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian			Late Mississippian													Chesterian		323.2
		Visean			Middle Mississippian													Chesterian		330.9
																		Meramecian		335.8 *
																		Osagean		343.1 *
		Tournaisian			Early Mississippian													Osagean		346.7
		Tournaisian			Early Mississippian													Kinderhookian		351.9 *
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian																	Wocklum/Dasberg/Hemberg/Nehden	358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian																	Adorf	372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian																	Givetian	382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian	Eifelian	387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian	Emsian	393.3
		Pragian	Siegen	407.6
		Lochkovian	Gedinnine	410.8
Silurian	Pridoli		Ohesaare			419.2
	Pridoli		Kaugetuma			421.7 *
	Ludlow	Ludfordian	Kuressaare			423
		Ludfordian	Paadla			423.4 *
		Gorstian	Paadla			425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian	Rootsikula			427.4
		Homerian	Jaagarahu			429.2 *
		Sheinwoodian	Jaagarahu			430.5
		Sheinwoodian	Jaani			431.8 *
	Llandovery	Telychian	Jaani			433.4
		Telychian	Adavere			434 *
		Aeronian	Adavere			438.5
		Aeronian	Raikkula			439.4 *
		Rhuddanian	Raikkula			440.8
		Rhuddanian	Juuru			441.4 *
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian				Harju	Porkuni	443.8
		Katian					Pirgu	445.2
							Vormsi	449.6 *
							Nabala	Johvi †	450 *
						Viru	Rakvere		450.6 *
							Oandu		452 *
		Sandbian					Keila	Idavere †	453
							Haljala		453.9
							Kukruse		456.4 *
							Uhaku	Aluoja †	457.5 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian					Uhaku		458.4
							Lasnamagi		458.9 *
							Aseri		460.4 *
						Oeland	Kunda		462.9 *
							Kunda	Valaste †/Hunderum	464.3 *
							Volkhov		Langevoja †/Vaana/Saka	467.1 *
		Dapingian					Volkhov			467.3
		Dapingian					Billingen			469.3 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian								470
								Latorp †		470.1 *
							Hunneberg			473.7 *
		Tremadocian					Hunneberg			477.7
							Varangu			481.3 *
							Pakerort			482.2 *
										Mansian †	483.55 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10						Niuchehean		Taoyuanian †	Batyrbaian	Tavgian †	Ketyan †/Yurakian		Franconian †/Dresbachian/Millardan	485.4
																486.3 *
																486.5
																Sunwaptan	487.5
		Jiangshanian						Jiangshanian									489.5
											Aksaian						490.7 *
											Sakian						492.2 *
																Steptoean	493 *
		Paibian						Paibian									494
													Ensyan †/Maduan/Nganasanian				494.7 *
										Waergangian †/Youshuanian			Ensyan †/Maduan/Nganasanian				494.9 *
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian						Guzhangian		Wangcunian †	Ayusokkanian				Marjumian	Albertian †	497
		Guzhangian						Guzhangian			Mayan/Menevian						499.5
		Drumian						Drumian			Mayan/Menevian						500.5
		Wuliuan						Wuliuan/Taijangian			Amgan/Solvan				Topazan		504.5
		Wuliuan						Wuliuan/Taijangian							Delamaran		506.5
	Series 2	Stage 4						Duyunian								Waucoban †	509
					Toyonian						Lenian †	510 *
					Toyonian							Dyeran			511 *
					Botomian										512.5 *
		Stage 3						Nangaoian							514
												Montezuman			514.8 *
					Atdabanian							Montezuman			515.6 *
					Atdabanian							Begadean			519.9 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2		Meishucunian	Tommotian			521
		Stage 2			Nemakit-Daldynian			525.5
		Fortunian						Manykaian †			529
		Fortunian		Jinnigian				Manykaian †			530.7
																				538.8