PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view
D. H. Erwin and S. A. Bowring. 2004. Cambrian time scale. view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126848 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale					Cambrian of China		Cenozoic Subepochs	Mesozoic Subages		Permian of the Russian Platform		Cambrian of Britain		Ordovician of Britain				Carboniferous of China
Phanerozoic	Cenozoic	Quaternary	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene			Late Pleistocene												0.0117
				Chibanian			Middle Pleistocene												0.129
				Calabrian			Early Pleistocene												0.774
				Gelasian			Early Pleistocene												1.8
		Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian			Late Pliocene												2.58
			Pliocene	Zanclean			Early Pliocene												3.6
			Miocene	Messinian			Late Miocene												5.333
				Tortonian			Late Miocene												7.246
				Serravallian			Middle Miocene												11.63
				Langhian			Middle Miocene												13.82
				Burdigalian			Early Miocene												15.98
				Aquitanian			Early Miocene												20.44
		Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian			Late Oligocene												23.03
			Oligocene	Rupelian			Early Oligocene												27.82
			Eocene	Priabonian			Late Eocene												33.9
				Bartonian			Middle Eocene												37.71
				Lutetian			Middle Eocene												41.2
				Ypresian			Early Eocene												47.8
			Paleocene	Thanetian			Late Paleocene												56
				Selandian			Middle Paleocene												59.2
				Danian			Early Paleocene												61.6
	Mesozoic	Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian				Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian											66
				Campanian				Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian											72.1
				Santonian				Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian											83.6
				Coniacian				Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian											86.3
				Turonian				Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian											89.8
				Cenomanian				Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian											93.9
			Early Cretaceous	Albian				Late Albian											100.5
								Middle Albian											106.2 *
								Early Albian											109.9 *
				Aptian				Late Aptian											113
				Aptian				Early Aptian											119.5 *
				Barremian				Late Barremian/Early Barremian											121.4
				Hauterivian				Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian											125.77
				Valanginian				Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian											132.6
				Berriasian				Late Berriasian											139.8
								Middle Berriasian											140.6 *
								Early Berriasian											142.7 *
		Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian				Late Tithonian	Middle Tithonian										145
				Tithonian				Early Tithonian	Middle Tithonian										146.3 *
				Kimmeridgian				Late Kimmeridgian											149.2
				Kimmeridgian				Early Kimmeridgian											152.2 *
				Oxfordian				Late Oxfordian	Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian										154.8
				Oxfordian					Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian										157.9 *
			Middle Jurassic	Callovian				Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian											161.5
				Bathonian				Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian											165.3
				Bajocian				Late Bajocian											168.2
				Bajocian				Early Bajocian											168.6 *
				Aalenian				Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian											170.9
			Early Jurassic	Toarcian				Late Toarcian											174.7
								Middle Toarcian											180.4 *
								Early Toarcian											182.9 *
				Pliensbachian				Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian											184.2
				Sinemurian				Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian											192.9
				Hettangian				Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian											199.5
		Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian															201.4
				Norian				Sevatian											208.5
								Alaunian											213.2 *
								Lacian											216.7 *
				Carnian				Tuvalian											227
				Carnian				Julian											233.4 *
			Middle Triassic	Ladinian				Longobardian											237
				Ladinian				Fassanian											239.7 *
				Anisian				Illyrian											242
Pelsonian					243.8 *
Bithynian					244.7 *
Aegean					245.5 *
Early Triassic			Olenekian	Spathian	247.2
			Olenekian	Smithian	248.9 *
			Induan	Dienerian	251.2
			Induan	Griesbachian	251.4 *
Paleozoic	Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian		251.902
			Wuchiapingian		254.14
			Wuchiapingian		Tatarian	Vyatkian		256.8 *
		Guadalupian	Capitanian			Severodvinian		259.51
			Wordian			Urzhumian		264.28
			Roadian		Kazanian	Povolzhian		266.9
			Roadian		Kazanian	Sokian		270.7 *
		Cisuralian	Kungurian		Kungurian	Irenian/Ufimian		273.01
						Filipovian		276.5 *
						Saraninian		280.1 *
			Artinskian		Artinskian	Sarginian		283.5
						Irginian		285.9 *
						Burtsevian		287.8 *
			Sakmarian		Sakmarian	Sterlitamakian		290.1
			Sakmarian		Sakmarian	Tastubian	291.7 *
			Asselian		Asselian	Shikhanian	293.52
						Uskalykian	294.8
						Surenian	297.5
	Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian				298.9
			Gzhelian				Xiaodushanian	300 *
			Kasimovian				Xiaodushanian	303.7
			Kasimovian				Dalaun	305.8 *
			Moscovian					307
			Bashkirian					315.2
							Huashibanian	318.5 *
							Lousuan	321.2 *
		Mississippian	Serpukhovian				Dewunian	323.2
			Serpukhovian				Shangsian	330.8 *
			Visean				Shangsian	330.9
			Visean				Jiusian	335 *
			Tournaisian				Tangbagouan	346.7
	Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian					358.9
		Late Devonian	Frasnian					372.2
		Middle Devonian	Givetian					382.7
		Middle Devonian	Eifelian					387.7
		Early Devonian	Emsian					393.3
			Pragian					407.6
			Lochkovian					410.8
	Silurian	Pridoli						419.2
		Ludlow	Ludfordian					423
		Ludlow	Gorstian					425.6
		Wenlock	Homerian					427.4
		Wenlock	Sheinwoodian					430.5
		Llandovery	Telychian					433.4
			Aeronian					438.5
			Rhuddanian					440.8
	Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian					Ashgill	Hirnantian	443.8
			Katian						Rawtheyan	445.2
									Cautleyan	448.9 *
									Pusgillian	449.3 *
								Caradoc	Streffordian	Onnian †	449.6 *
									Cheneyan		451.5 *
									Burrellian		452.7 *
			Sandbian								453
										Actonian †	453.2 *
										Marshbrookian †	Woolstonian †	454.2 *
										Longvillian †		455.2 *
									Aurelucian	Longvillian †		456.8 *
									Aurelucian	Soudleyan †/Harnagian/Costonian		457.4 *
		Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian					Llanvirn	Llandeilian/Llandeilo/Late Llandeilo/Middle Llandeilo/Early Llandeilo/Late Llanvirn			458.4
			Darriwilian						Abereiddian/Early Llanvirn			461.3 *
			Dapingian						Abereiddian/Early Llanvirn			467.3
			Dapingian					Arenig	Fennian			468.4 *
		Early Ordovician	Floian						Fennian			470
Whitlandian				471.1 *
Moridunian				474.3 *
Tremadocian			Tremadoc	Migneintian				477.7
				Cressagian				480.8 *
				Cressagian				Mansian †	483.55 *
								Mansian †	485 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10						Niuchehean	Taoyuanian †			Merioneth	Dolgellian/Trempealeauan	Batyrbaian	Tavgian †	Ketyan †/Yurakian	485.4
		Stage 10						Niuchehean					Festiniogian				489.2 *
		Jiangshanian						Jiangshanian									489.5
														Aksaian			490.7 *
														Sakian			492.2 *
													Maentwrogian				493.1 *
		Paibian						Paibian									494
																Ensyan †/Maduan/Nganasanian	494.7 *
									Waergangian †/Youshuanian							Ensyan †/Maduan/Nganasanian	494.9 *
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian						Guzhangian	Wangcunian †			St Davids		Ayusokkanian			497
		Guzhangian						Guzhangian						Mayan/Menevian			499.5
		Drumian						Drumian						Mayan/Menevian			500.5
		Wuliuan			Wuliuan/Taijangian			Amgan/Solvan	504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4			Duyunian			Amgan/Solvan	Caerfai			509
								Toyonian				Lenian †		510 *
								Botomian						512.5 *
		Stage 3			Nangaoian			Botomian						514
		Stage 3			Nangaoian			Atdabanian						515.6 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2			Meishucunian			Tommotian						521
		Stage 2						Nemakit-Daldynian						525.5
		Fortunian										Manykaian †		529
		Fortunian			Jinnigian							Manykaian †		530.7
Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran															Vendian	538.8
		Cryogenian																635
		Tonian																720
		Tonian					Karatau										800
	Mesoproterozoic	Stenian					Karatau										1000
		Stenian					Yurmatian										1100
		Ectasian					Yurmatian										1200
		Ectasian					Burzyan										1375
																			1400