PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
M. Harzhauser and W. E. Piller. 2004. Integrated stratigraphy of the Sarmatian (Upper Middle Miocene) in the western Central Paratethys. Stratigraphy 1(1):65-86 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
J. Meng and M. C. McKenna. 1998. Faunal turnovers of Paleogene mammals from the Mongolian Plateau. Nature 394:364-367 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126849 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Cambrian of China		Cambrian of Kazakhstan	Central Paratethys Stages	Silurian of England		Cambrian of Britain		Paleogene Mammal Ages of Asia		Permian of North America		Cenozoic Subepochs
Quaternary	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene													Late Pleistocene	0.0117
		Chibanian													Middle Pleistocene	0.129
		Calabrian													Early Pleistocene	0.774
		Gelasian													Early Pleistocene	1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian													Late Pliocene	2.58
	Pliocene	Zanclean													Early Pliocene	3.6
	Miocene	Messinian													Late Miocene	5.333
		Tortonian				Pannonian									Late Miocene	7.246
		Serravallian				Sarmatian									Middle Miocene	11.63
		Serravallian				Badenian										12.8 *
		Langhian														13.82
		Burdigalian													Early Miocene	15.98
		Aquitanian													Early Miocene	20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian									Tabenbulakian	Hsandagolian			Late Oligocene	23.03
	Oligocene	Rupelian									Kekeamuan	Hsandagolian			Early Oligocene	27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian									Houldjinian/Ergilian/Ulangochuian				Late Eocene	33.9
		Bartonian									Sharamurunian/Irdinmanhan/Arshantan				Middle Eocene	37.71
		Lutetian													Middle Eocene	41.2
		Ypresian										Bumbanian			Early Eocene	47.8
	Paleocene	Thanetian									Gashatan				Late Paleocene	56
		Selandian													Middle Paleocene	59.2
		Danian													Early Paleocene	61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian														66
		Campanian														72.1
		Santonian														83.6
		Coniacian														86.3
		Turonian														89.8
		Cenomanian														93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian														100.5
		Aptian														113
		Barremian														121.4
		Hauterivian														125.77
		Valanginian														132.6
		Berriasian														139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian														145
		Kimmeridgian														149.2
		Oxfordian														154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian														161.5
		Bathonian														165.3
		Bajocian														168.2
		Aalenian														170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian														174.7
		Pliensbachian														184.2
		Sinemurian														192.9
		Hettangian														199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian														201.4
		Norian														208.5
		Carnian														227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian														237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian														242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian														247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan														251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian														251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian														254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian											Capitanian			259.51
		Wordian											Wordian			264.28
		Roadian											Roadian			266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian											Leonardian	Cathedralian		273.01
		Kungurian												Hessian		281.9 *
		Artinskian												Hessian		283.5
		Artinskian											Wolfcampian	Lenoxian		286.1 *
		Sakmarian												Lenoxian		290.1
		Asselian												Nealian		293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian														298.9
		Kasimovian	303.7
		Moscovian	307
		Bashkirian	315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian	323.2
		Visean	330.9
		Tournaisian	346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian	358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian	372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian	382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian	387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian	393.3
		Pragian	407.6
		Lochkovian	410.8
Silurian	Pridoli		Red Downtonian/Temeside Shales/Downton Castle	Whitcliffe/Leintwardine	419.2
	Pridoli		Red Downtonian/Temeside Shales/Downton Castle	Bringewood/Elton	421.3
	Ludlow	Ludfordian	Coalbrookdale	Wenlock (England)/Tickwood	423
		Gorstian			425.6
		Gorstian		Buildwas	426.4 *
	Wenlock	Homerian		Buildwas	427.4
		Homerian	Wych	Woolhope	428.4 *
		Sheinwoodian			430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian			433.4
		Telychian			436.3 *
		Aeronian			438.5
		Aeronian	Cowleigh Park		439.3 *
		Rhuddanian	Cowleigh Park		440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian			443.8
		Katian			445.2
		Sandbian			453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian			458.4
	Middle Ordovician	Dapingian			467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian			470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian			Ungurian	477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10			Niuchehean	Taoyuanian †	Batyrbaian	Merioneth	Dolgellian/Trempealeauan	485.4
		Stage 10			Niuchehean				Festiniogian	489.2 *
		Jiangshanian			Jiangshanian					489.5
							Aksaian			490.7 *
							Sakian			492.2 *
									Maentwrogian	493.1 *
		Paibian			Paibian					494
		Paibian			Paibian	Waergangian †/Youshuanian				494.9 *
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian			Guzhangian	Wangcunian †	Ayusokkanian	St Davids		497
		Guzhangian			Guzhangian					499.5
		Drumian			Drumian		Zhanaarykian			500.5
		Drumian			Drumian		Tuesaian			503
		Wuliuan			Wuliuan/Taijangian		Tuesaian			504.5
		Wuliuan			Wuliuan/Taijangian					505.3
	Series 2	Stage 4			Duyunian			Caerfai		509
							Toyonian			510 *
							Botomian			512.5 *
		Stage 3			Nangaoian		Botomian			514
		Stage 3			Nangaoian		Atdabanian			515.6 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2			Meishucunian		Tommotian			521
		Stage 2								525.5
		Fortunian								529
		Fortunian			Jinnigian					530.7
																538.8