PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
M. Harzhauser and W. E. Piller. 2004. Integrated stratigraphy of the Sarmatian (Upper Middle Miocene) in the western Central Paratethys. Stratigraphy 1(1):65-86 view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view
D. H. Erwin and S. A. Bowring. 2004. Cambrian time scale. view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126762 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Cambrian of China		Cambrian of Kazakhstan	Ordovician of Ibero-Bohemia				Cretaceous Subepochs	Central Paratethys Stages	Cambrian of West Avalonia	Carbo-Permian of the Russian Platform	North American Land Mammal Ages	Cambrian of Siberia
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan												Saintaugustinean		0
		Meghalayan												Santarosean		0.0004
		Northgrippian														0.0042
		Greenlandian														0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene														0.0117
		Late Pleistocene												Rancholabrean		0.014
		Chibanian												Rancholabrean		0.129
		Chibanian												Irvingtonian		0.21
		Calabrian												Irvingtonian		0.774
		Calabrian												Blancan		1.4
		Gelasian														1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian														2.58
		Zanclean														3.6
		Zanclean												Hemphillian		4.7
	Miocene	Messinian														5.333
		Tortonian									Pannonian					7.246
		Tortonian									Pannonian			Clarendonian		9.4
		Serravallian									Sarmatian			Clarendonian		11.63
											Sarmatian			Barstovian		12.5
											Badenian					12.8 *
		Langhian														13.82
		Burdigalian														15.98
														Hemingfordian		16.3
														Arikareean		18.5
		Aquitanian														20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian														23.03
		Rupelian														27.82
														Whitneyan		29.5
														Orellan		31.8
	Eocene	Priabonian												Chadronian		33.9
		Priabonian												Duchesnean		37
		Bartonian												Duchesnean		37.71
		Bartonian												Uintan		39.7
		Lutetian												Uintan		41.2
		Lutetian												Bridgerian		46.2
		Ypresian												Bridgerian		47.8
														Wasatchian		50.5
														Clarkforkian		54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian												Clarkforkian		56
		Thanetian												Tiffanian		56.2
		Selandian												Tiffanian		59.2
		Selandian												Torrejonian		60.9
		Danian												Torrejonian		61.6
		Danian												Puercan		63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian								Senonian						66
		Campanian														72.1
		Santonian														83.6
		Coniacian														86.3
		Turonian														89.8
		Cenomanian														93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian								Gallic						100.5
		Aptian														113
		Barremian														121.4
		Hauterivian								Neocomian						125.77
		Valanginian														132.6
		Berriasian														139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian														145
		Kimmeridgian														149.2
		Oxfordian														154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian														161.5
		Bathonian														165.3
		Bajocian														168.2
		Aalenian														170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian														174.7
		Pliensbachian	184.2
		Sinemurian	192.9
		Hettangian	199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian	201.4
		Norian	208.5
		Carnian	227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian	237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian	242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian	247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan	251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian	Melekhovian	251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian		254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian		259.51
		Wordian		264.28
		Wordian	Noginskian	264.9 *
		Roadian		266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian		273.01
		Kungurian	Pavlovoposadian	276.8 *
		Artinskian	Pavlovoposadian	283.5
		Artinskian	Rusavkinian	287.6 *
		Sakmarian		290.1
		Asselian		293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian		298.9
		Kasimovian	Dorogomilovian	303.7
			Khamovnikian	304.8
			Krevyakinian	305.8 *
		Moscovian	Myachkovian	307
			Podolskian	308.9 *
			Kashirian	311.4 *
			Vereian	313.8
			Melekessian	314.8
		Bashkirian	Melekessian	315.2
			Cheremshanian	316.9 *
			Prikamian	318.6 *
			Severokeltmian	319.9 *
			Krasnopolyanian	321.2 *
			Voznesenian	321.9 *
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian	Zapaltjubian	323.2
			Protvian	324.4 *
			Steshevian	326.8 *
			Tarusian	329 *
		Visean	Venevian	330.9
			Mikhailovian	331.9 *
			Aleksinian	333.7 *
			Tulian	335.8 *
			Bobrikian	339.9 *
			Radaevkian	343.4 *
		Tournaisian	Kosvian	346.7
			Kizelian	350.7 *
			Cherepetian	351.9 *
			Karakubian	354.4 *
			Upinian	356.3 *
			Malevkian	357.6 *
			Gumerovian	358 *
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian		358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian		372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian		382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian		387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian		393.3
		Pragian		407.6
		Lochkovian		410.8
Silurian	Pridoli			419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian		423
	Ludlow	Gorstian		425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian		427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian		430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian		433.4
		Aeronian		438.5
		Rhuddanian		440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian		Kosovian	443.8
		Katian		Kralodvorian	Bohdalec †	445.2
		Katian		Berounian		449.7 *
		Sandbian				453
						Zahorany †/Vinice	Letna †	456.2 *
					Liben †			458 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian						458.4
				Dobrotivian				458.5 *
				Oretanian				459.7 *
					Sarka †			461.7 *
		Dapingian			Klabava †			467.3
		Dapingian		Arenigian				468
	Early Ordovician	Floian		Arenigian				470
		Tremadocian		Ungurian	Tremadocian				477.7
		Tremadocian		Ungurian	Tremadocian				Mansian †	483.55 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10		Niuchehean	Taoyuanian †				Batyrbaian		Batyrbaian	Tavgian †	Ketyan †/Yurakian	485.4
		Jiangshanian		Jiangshanian					Batyrbaian		Batyrbaian			489.5
									Aksaian		Aksaian			490.7 *
									Sakian		Sakian			492.2 *
		Paibian		Paibian										494
													Ensyan †/Maduan/Nganasanian	494.7 *
					Waergangian †/Youshuanian								Ensyan †/Maduan/Nganasanian	494.9 *
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian		Guzhangian	Wangcunian †				Ayusokkanian		Ayusokkanian			497
									Ayusokkanian		Ayusokkanian			Arcadian	498.4
											Mayan/Menevian				499.5
		Drumian		Drumian					Zhanaarykian						500.5
		Drumian		Drumian					Tuesaian						503
		Wuliuan		Wuliuan/Taijangian					Tuesaian		Amgan/Solvan				504.5
		Wuliuan		Wuliuan/Taijangian											505.3
	Series 2	Stage 4		Duyunian										Branchian	509
									Toyonian		Toyonian	Lenian †			510 *
									Botomian		Botomian				512.5 *
		Stage 3		Nangaoian					Botomian		Botomian				514
									Atdabanian		Atdabanian				515.6 *
									Atdabanian		Atdabanian			Placentian	517.1
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2		Meishucunian					Tommotian		Tommotian				521
		Stage 2									Nemakit-Daldynian				525.5
		Fortunian										Manykaian †			529
		Fortunian		Jinnigian								Manykaian †			530.7
																538.8