PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
J. A. Lillegraven and M. C. McKenna. 1986. Fossil mammals from the "Mesaverde" Formation (Late Cretaceous, Judithian) of the Bighorn and Wind River basins, Wyoming, with definitions of Late Cretaceous North American Land-Mammal "Ages". American Museum Novitates 2840:1-68 view
F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126831 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Cambrian of China		Cambrian of Kazakhstan	Permian Subages of Germany	Cretaceous North American Land-Mammal Ages	Devonian of Czechoslovakia	Mesozoic Subages		Ordovician of the Baltic		Permian of the Salt Range
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian					Lancian/Edmontonian		Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian					66
		Campanian					Judithian/Aquilan		Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian					72.1
		Santonian							Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian					83.6
		Coniacian							Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian					86.3
		Turonian							Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian					89.8
		Cenomanian							Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian					93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian							Late Albian					100.5
									Middle Albian					106.2 *
									Early Albian					109.9 *
		Aptian							Late Aptian					113
		Aptian							Early Aptian					119.5 *
		Barremian							Late Barremian/Early Barremian					121.4
		Hauterivian							Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian					125.77
		Valanginian							Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian					132.6
		Berriasian							Late Berriasian					139.8
									Middle Berriasian					140.6 *
									Early Berriasian					142.7 *
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian							Late Tithonian	Middle Tithonian				145
		Tithonian							Early Tithonian	Middle Tithonian				146.3 *
		Kimmeridgian							Late Kimmeridgian					149.2
		Kimmeridgian							Early Kimmeridgian					152.2 *
		Oxfordian							Late Oxfordian	Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian				154.8
		Oxfordian								Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian				157.9 *
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian							Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian					161.5
		Bathonian							Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian					165.3
		Bajocian							Late Bajocian					168.2
		Bajocian							Early Bajocian					168.6 *
		Aalenian							Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian					170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian							Late Toarcian					174.7
									Middle Toarcian					180.4 *
									Early Toarcian					182.9 *
		Pliensbachian							Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian					184.2
		Sinemurian							Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian					192.9
		Hettangian							Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian					199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian												201.4
		Norian							Sevatian					208.5
									Alaunian					213.2 *
									Lacian					216.7 *
		Carnian							Tuvalian					227
		Carnian							Julian					233.4 *
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian							Longobardian					237
		Ladinian							Fassanian					239.7 *
		Anisian							Illyrian					242
									Pelsonian					243.8 *
									Bithynian					244.7 *
									Aegean					245.5 *
	Early Triassic	Olenekian							Spathian					247.2
		Olenekian							Smithian					248.9 *
		Induan							Dienerian					251.2
									Griesbachian					251.4 *
									Griesbachian				Kathwai	251.5 *
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian				Buntsandstein							Kathwai	251.902
														252.4 *
													Chhidru	252.9 *
		Wuchiapingian											Chhidru	254.14
													Kalabagh	255 *
													Wargal	256 *
	Guadalupian	Capitanian				Ohre/Aller								259.51
		Wordian				Leine								264.28
														265.3 *
													Amb	266.1 *
		Roadian											Amb	266.9
		Roadian												270.7 *
	Cisuralian	Kungurian												273.01
		Artinskian	283.5
		Sakmarian	290.1
		Asselian	293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian	298.9
		Kasimovian	303.7
		Moscovian	307
		Bashkirian	315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian	323.2
		Visean	330.9
		Tournaisian	346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian	358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian	372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian	Srbsko	382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian	Chotec	387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian	Daleje/Zlichovian	393.3
		Pragian	Pragian	407.6
		Lochkovian	Lochkovian	410.8
Silurian	Pridoli			419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian		423
	Ludlow	Gorstian		425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian		427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian		430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian		433.4
		Aeronian		438.5
		Rhuddanian		440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian		Harju	Porkuni		443.8
		Katian			Pirgu		445.2
					Vormsi		449.6 *
					Nabala		Johvi †	450 *
				Viru	Rakvere			450.6 *
					Oandu			452 *
		Sandbian			Keila		Idavere †	453
					Haljala			453.9
					Kukruse			456.4 *
					Uhaku		Aluoja †	457.5 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian			Uhaku			458.4
					Lasnamagi			458.9 *
					Aseri			460.4 *
				Oeland	Kunda			462.9 *
					Kunda		Valaste †/Hunderum	464.3 *
					Volkhov			Langevoja †/Vaana/Saka		467.1 *
		Dapingian			Volkhov					467.3
		Dapingian			Billingen					469.3 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian								470
							Latorp †			470.1 *
					Hunneberg					473.7 *
		Tremadocian			Hunneberg					Ungurian	477.7
					Varangu						481.3 *
					Pakerort						482.2 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10			Pakerort		Niuchehean			Taoyuanian †	Batyrbaian	485.4
												486.3 *
									486.5
		Jiangshanian					Jiangshanian		489.5
									Aksaian		490.7 *
									Sakian		492.2 *
		Paibian					Paibian				494
		Paibian					Paibian			Waergangian †/Youshuanian	494.9 *
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian					Guzhangian		Wangcunian †	Ayusokkanian	497
		Guzhangian					Guzhangian				499.5
		Drumian					Drumian			Zhanaarykian	500.5
		Drumian					Drumian			Tuesaian	503
		Wuliuan				Wuliuan/Taijangian			504.5	Tuesaian
		Wuliuan				Wuliuan/Taijangian				505.3
	Series 2	Stage 4				Duyunian				509
									Toyonian	510 *
									Botomian	512.5 *
		Stage 3				Nangaoian			Botomian	514
		Stage 3				Nangaoian			Atdabanian	515.6 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2				Meishucunian			Tommotian	521
		Stage 2								525.5
		Fortunian								529
		Fortunian				Jinnigian				530.7
														538.8