PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. F. Steininger, W. A. Berggren, D. V. Kent, R. L. Bernor, S. Sen and J. Agusti. 1996. Circum-Mediterranean Neogene (Miocene and Pliocene) marine-continental chronologic correlations of European mammal units. The Evolution of Western Eurasian Neogene Mammal Faunas (eds. R. L. Bernor, V. Fahlbusch, and H.-W. Mittmann) view
Z.-X. Qiu and Z.-D. Qiu. 1995. Chronological sequence and subdivision of Chinese Neogene mammalian faunas. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 116(1-2):41-70 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126778 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Cambrian of China		Ordovician of Ibero-Bohemia				European Faunal Zones	Permian Subages of Germany	Cenozoic Subepochs	Neogene Mammal Ages of China
Quaternary	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene									Late Pleistocene	Nihewanian	0.0117
		Chibanian									Middle Pleistocene		0.129
		Calabrian									Early Pleistocene		0.774
		Gelasian							MN 17		Early Pleistocene		1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian							MN 16		Late Pliocene	Yushean	2.58
		Piacenzian							MN 15		Late Pliocene		3.2
		Zanclean							MN 15		Early Pliocene		3.6
									MN 14				4.2
									MN 13			Baodean	4.9
	Miocene	Messinian							MN 13		Late Miocene		5.333
		Tortonian							MN 12				7.246
									MN 11				7.75
									MN 10				8.7
									MN 9				9.7
									MN 7 + 8			Tunggurian	11.1
		Serravallian							MN 7 + 8		Middle Miocene		11.63
		Serravallian							MN 6				12.8 *
		Langhian							MN 5			Shanwangian	13.82
		Burdigalian							MN 4		Early Miocene	Shanwangian	15.98
									MN 3			Xiejiaan	16.9
									MN 2				20
		Aquitanian							MN 2				20.44
		Aquitanian							MN 1				22.4
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian									Late Oligocene		23.03
	Oligocene	Rupelian									Early Oligocene		27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian									Late Eocene		33.9
		Bartonian									Middle Eocene		37.71
		Lutetian									Middle Eocene		41.2
		Ypresian									Early Eocene		47.8
	Paleocene	Thanetian									Late Paleocene		56
		Selandian									Middle Paleocene		59.2
		Danian									Early Paleocene		61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian											66
		Campanian											72.1
		Santonian											83.6
		Coniacian											86.3
		Turonian											89.8
		Cenomanian											93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian											100.5
		Aptian											113
		Barremian											121.4
		Hauterivian											125.77
		Valanginian											132.6
		Berriasian											139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian											145
		Kimmeridgian											149.2
		Oxfordian											154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian											161.5
		Bathonian											165.3
		Bajocian											168.2
		Aalenian											170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian											174.7
		Pliensbachian											184.2
		Sinemurian											192.9
		Hettangian											199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian											201.4
		Norian											208.5
		Carnian											227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian											237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian											242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian											247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan											251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian								Buntsandstein			251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian								Buntsandstein			254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian	Ohre/Aller	259.51
		Wordian	Leine	264.28
		Roadian		266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian		273.01
		Artinskian		283.5
		Sakmarian		290.1
		Asselian		293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian		298.9
		Kasimovian		303.7
		Moscovian		307
		Bashkirian		315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian		323.2
		Visean		330.9
		Tournaisian		346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian		358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian		372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian		382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian		387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian		393.3
		Pragian		407.6
		Lochkovian		410.8
Silurian	Pridoli			419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian		423
	Ludlow	Gorstian		425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian		427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian		430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian		433.4
		Aeronian		438.5
		Rhuddanian		440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian		Kosovian	443.8
		Katian		Kralodvorian	Bohdalec †	445.2
		Katian		Berounian		449.7 *
		Sandbian				453
						Zahorany †/Vinice	Letna †	456.2 *
					Liben †			458 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian						458.4
				Dobrotivian				458.5 *
				Oretanian				459.7 *
					Sarka †			461.7 *
		Dapingian			Klabava †			467.3
		Dapingian		Arenigian				468
	Early Ordovician	Floian		Arenigian				470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian		Tremadocian				477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10		Niuchehean				Taoyuanian †		Franconian †/Dresbachian/Millardan	485.4
		Stage 10		Niuchehean							Sunwaptan	487.5
		Jiangshanian		Jiangshanian							Sunwaptan	489.5
		Jiangshanian		Jiangshanian							Steptoean	493 *
		Paibian		Paibian								494
		Paibian		Paibian				Waergangian †/Youshuanian				494.9 *
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian		Guzhangian				Wangcunian †		Marjumian	Albertian †	497
		Drumian		Drumian				Wangcunian †		Marjumian		500.5
		Wuliuan		Wuliuan/Taijangian						Topazan		504.5
		Wuliuan		Wuliuan/Taijangian						Delamaran		506.5
	Series 2	Stage 4		Duyunian						Delamaran	Waucoban †	509
		Stage 4		Duyunian						Dyeran		511 *
		Stage 3		Nangaoian						Dyeran		514
										Montezuman		514.8 *
										Begadean		519.9 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2		Meishucunian								521
		Fortunian		Meishucunian								529
		Fortunian		Jinnigian								530.7
													538.8