PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
P. L. Gibbard, M. J. Head, and M. J. C. Walker. 2010. Formal ratification of the Quaternary System/Period and the Pleistocene Series/Epoch with a base at 2.58 Ma. Journal of Quaternary Science 25(2):96-102 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126849 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale					Cambrian of China		Silurian of North America			Obsolete Precambrian Ages		Permian of North America		Devonian of Czechoslovakia	Cenozoic Subepochs of Southern Europe	Ammonite Chrons of North America			Precambrian of Russia	Permian-Jurassic of New Zealand
Phanerozoic	Cenozoic	Quaternary	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene											Tarantian							0.0117
				Chibanian											Ionian							0.129
				Calabrian																		0.774
				Gelasian																		1.8
		Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian																		2.58
			Pliocene	Zanclean																		3.6
			Miocene	Messinian																		5.333
				Tortonian																		7.246
				Serravallian																		11.63
				Langhian																		13.82
				Burdigalian																		15.98
				Aquitanian																		20.44
		Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian																		23.03
			Oligocene	Rupelian																		27.82
			Eocene	Priabonian																		33.9
				Bartonian																		37.71
				Lutetian																		41.2
				Ypresian																		47.8
			Paleocene	Thanetian																		56
				Selandian																		59.2
				Danian																		61.6
	Mesozoic	Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian																		66
				Campanian																		72.1
				Santonian																		83.6
				Coniacian																		86.3
				Turonian																		89.8
				Cenomanian																		93.9
			Early Cretaceous	Albian																		100.5
				Aptian																		113
				Barremian																		121.4
				Hauterivian																		125.77
				Valanginian																		132.6
				Berriasian																		139.8
		Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian																Oteke	Puaroan	145
				Kimmeridgian																Oteke	Puaroan	149.2
																				Kawhia	Ohauan	150
																					Heterian	154.5
				Oxfordian																		154.8
			Middle Jurassic	Callovian																		161.5
				Callovian																	Temaikan	164.3
				Bathonian																		165.3
				Bajocian												Epizigzagiceras						168.2
				Bajocian												Rotundum/Oblatum/Kirschneri/Crassicostatus/Widebayense						168.4
				Aalenian												Howelli/Scissum/Westermanni						170.9
			Early Jurassic	Toarcian												Yakounensis/Hillebrandti/Crassicosta						174.7
																Yakounensis/Hillebrandti/Crassicosta				Herangi	Ururoan	176
																Planulata						179.3 *
																Planulata		Arnioceras arnouldi				179.8 *
																Kanense						181.3 *
																Carlottense						182.3 *
																Kunae						183.5 *
				Pliensbachian												Kunae						184.2
																Freboldi						185.1 *
																Whiteavesi/Imlayi	Tetraspidoceras					186.2 *
																Whiteavesi/Imlayi					Aratauran	188.9
																						189.2 *
																Plesechioceras harbledownense/Asteroceras varians/Coroniceras	Canadensis					190.3 *
				Sinemurian																		192.9
																Pseudaetomoceras		Psiloceras				196.4 *
																Franziceras/Euphyllites						196.5 *
				Hettangian												Franziceras/Euphyllites						199.5
		Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian																Balfour	Otapirian	201.4
				Norian																	Warepan	208.5
																					Otamitan	217
Oretian					221
Oretian				Carnian	227
Gore				Carnian	Kaihikuan	227.5
			Middle Triassic	Ladinian	Kaihikuan	237
				Ladinian	Etalian	238
				Anisian	Etalian	242
				Anisian	Malakovian	246
			Early Triassic	Olenekian	Malakovian	247.2
				Olenekian	Nelsonian	249
				Induan	Nelsonian	251.2
DUrville				Induan	Makarewan	251.5
	Paleozoic	Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian	Makarewan	251.902
				Changhsingian	Waiitian	253.2
				Wuchiapingian	Waiitian	254.14
				Wuchiapingian	Puruhauan	254.2
Guadalupian			Capitanian	Capitanian	Aparima	Flettian	259.51
			Wordian	Wordian		Flettian	264.28
			Wordian	Wordian		Barettian	266
			Roadian	Roadian			266.9
Cisuralian			Kungurian	Leonardian			Cathedralian	273.01
						Mangapirian	Cathedralian	276
							Hessian	281.9 *
			Artinskian					283.5
						Telfordian		285
				Wolfcampian		Telfordian	Lenoxian	286.1 *
								288.5
			Sakmarian					290.1
			Asselian				Nealian	293.52
Carboniferous		Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian					298.9
			Kasimovian					303.7
			Moscovian					307
			Bashkirian					315.2
		Mississippian	Serpukhovian					323.2
			Visean					330.9
			Tournaisian					346.7
Devonian		Late Devonian	Famennian					358.9
		Late Devonian	Frasnian					372.2
		Middle Devonian	Givetian					Srbsko	382.7
		Middle Devonian	Eifelian					Chotec	387.7
		Early Devonian	Emsian					Daleje/Zlichovian	393.3
			Pragian					Pragian	407.6
			Lochkovian					Lochkovian	410.8
Silurian		Pridoli						Cayugan		419.2
		Pridoli						Niagaran		422.5 *
		Ludlow	Ludfordian							423
		Ludlow	Gorstian							425.6
		Wenlock	Homerian							Lockportian	Gleedonian	427.4
			Homerian							Lockportian	Whitwellian	429.7 *
			Sheinwoodian									430.5
		Llandovery	Telychian							Ontarian		433.4
			Aeronian									438.5
												Alexandrian	438.7 *
								Medinan		Clinton			440.1 *
													440.7 *
			Rhuddanian										440.8
Ordovician		Late Ordovician	Hirnantian										443.8
			Katian										445.2
			Sandbian										453
		Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian										458.4
		Middle Ordovician	Dapingian										467.3
		Early Ordovician	Floian										470
		Early Ordovician	Tremadocian										477.7
Cambrian		Furongian	Stage 10										Niuchehean	Taoyuanian †	485.4
			Jiangshanian										Jiangshanian		489.5
			Paibian										Paibian		494
			Paibian										Paibian	Waergangian †/Youshuanian	494.9 *
		Miaolingian	Guzhangian										Guzhangian	Wangcunian †	497
			Drumian										Drumian	Wangcunian †	500.5
			Wuliuan										Wuliuan/Taijangian		504.5
		Series 2	Stage 4										Duyunian		509
		Series 2	Stage 3										Nangaoian		514
		Terreneuvian	Stage 2										Meishucunian		521
			Fortunian										Meishucunian		529
			Fortunian										Jinnigian		530.7
Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran														Vendian †	Poundian †	Vendian	538.8
		Ediacaran														Vendian †	Wonokan †	Vendian	571.7 *
		Cryogenian																	635
		Tonian																	720
		Tonian																Karatau	800
	Mesoproterozoic	Stenian																Karatau	1000
		Stenian																Yurmatian	1100
		Ectasian																Yurmatian	1200
		Ectasian																Burzyan	1375
																						1400