PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
P. L. Gibbard, M. J. Head, and M. J. C. Walker. 2010. Formal ratification of the Quaternary System/Period and the Pleistocene Series/Epoch with a base at 2.58 Ma. Journal of Quaternary Science 25(2):96-102 view
F. J. Prevosti, C. O. Romano, A. M. Forasiepi, S. Hemming, R. Bonini, A. M. Candela, E. Cerdeño, M. C. Madozzo Jaén, P. E. Ortiz, F. Pujos, L. Rasia, G. I. Schmidt, M. Taglioretti, R. D. E. MacPhee, and U. F. J. Pardiñas. 2021. New radiometric 40Ar–39Ar dates and faunistic analyses refine evolutionary dynamics of Neogene vertebrate assemblages in southern South America. Scientific Reports 2021(11):9830 view
J. J. Flynn and C. C. Swisher, III. 1995. Cenozoic South American Land Mammal Ages: correlation to global geochronology. Geochronology Time Scales and Global Stratigraphic Correlation, SEPM Special Publication 54:317-333 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126831 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale					Cambrian of China			Cenozoic Subepochs of Southern Europe	South American Land Mammal Ages		Cambrian Epochs	Precambrian of Russia
Phanerozoic	Cenozoic	Quaternary	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene				Tarantian	Lujanian				0.0117
				Chibanian				Ionian	Lujanian				0.129
				Chibanian				Ionian	Ensenadan				0.3 *
				Calabrian					Ensenadan				0.774
				Calabrian					Sanandresian	Uquian †			1.7 *
				Gelasian					Sanandresian				1.8
		Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian					Vorohuean				2.58
				Piacenzian					Chapadmalalan				2.9 *
				Zanclean					Chapadmalalan				3.6
									Montehermosan				3.7 *
									Huayquerian				4.9 *
			Miocene	Messinian									5.333
				Tortonian									7.246
									Chasicoan				7.9 *
									Mayoan				9.9 *
									Laventan				10.9 *
				Serravallian					Laventan				11.63
				Serravallian					Colloncuran				13.7 *
				Langhian					Colloncuran				13.82
				Langhian					Friasian				15.4 *
				Burdigalian					Friasian				15.98
									Santacrucian				16.2 *
									Colhuehuapian				17.4 *
				Aquitanian					Colhuehuapian				20.44
				Aquitanian					Deseadan				20.9 *
		Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian									23.03
				Rupelian									27.82
				Rupelian					Tinguirirican				28.9 *
			Eocene	Priabonian					Tinguirirican				33.9
				Priabonian					Divisaderan				35.9 *
				Bartonian									37.71
				Lutetian									41.2
				Lutetian					Mustersan				41.9 *
				Ypresian					Mustersan				47.8
				Ypresian					Casamayoran				47.9 *
			Paleocene	Thanetian					Riochican				56
									Itaboraian				56.9 *
									Peligran				58.9 *
				Selandian									59.2
				Danian									61.6
				Danian					Tiupampan				62.4 *
	Mesozoic	Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian									66
				Campanian									72.1
				Santonian									83.6
				Coniacian									86.3
				Turonian									89.8
				Cenomanian									93.9
			Early Cretaceous	Albian									100.5
				Aptian									113
				Barremian									121.4
				Hauterivian									125.77
				Valanginian									132.6
				Berriasian									139.8
		Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian									145
				Kimmeridgian									149.2
				Oxfordian									154.8
			Middle Jurassic	Callovian									161.5
				Bathonian									165.3
				Bajocian									168.2
				Aalenian									170.9
			Early Jurassic	Toarcian									174.7
				Pliensbachian									184.2
				Sinemurian									192.9
				Hettangian									199.5
Triassic		Late Triassic	Rhaetian	201.4
			Norian	208.5
			Carnian	227
		Middle Triassic	Ladinian	237
		Middle Triassic	Anisian	242
		Early Triassic	Olenekian	247.2
		Early Triassic	Induan	251.2
Paleozoic	Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian	251.902
		Lopingian	Wuchiapingian	254.14
		Guadalupian	Capitanian	259.51
			Wordian	264.28
			Roadian	266.9
		Cisuralian	Kungurian	273.01
			Artinskian	283.5
			Sakmarian	290.1
			Asselian	Bursumian †	293.52
	Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian	Virgilian	298.9
			Kasimovian	Missourian	303.7
			Kasimovian	Desmoinesian	305.9 *
			Moscovian	Desmoinesian	307
			Moscovian	Atokan	312.7 *
			Bashkirian	Atokan	315.2
			Bashkirian	Morrowan	318.4 *
		Mississippian	Serpukhovian	Chesterian	323.2
			Visean	Chesterian	330.9
				Meramecian	335.8 *
				Osagean	343.1 *
			Tournaisian	Osagean	346.7
			Tournaisian	Kinderhookian	351.9 *
	Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian		Wocklum/Dasberg/Hemberg/Nehden	358.9
		Late Devonian	Frasnian		Adorf	372.2
		Middle Devonian	Givetian		Givetian	382.7
		Middle Devonian	Eifelian		Eifelian	387.7
		Early Devonian	Emsian		Emsian	393.3
			Pragian		Siegen	407.6
			Lochkovian		Gedinnine	410.8
	Silurian	Pridoli			Red Downtonian/Temeside Shales/Downton Castle	Whitcliffe/Leintwardine	419.2
		Pridoli			Red Downtonian/Temeside Shales/Downton Castle	Bringewood/Elton	421.3
		Ludlow	Ludfordian		Coalbrookdale	Wenlock (England)/Tickwood	423
			Gorstian				425.6
			Gorstian			Buildwas	426.4 *
		Wenlock	Homerian			Buildwas	427.4
			Homerian		Wych	Woolhope	428.4 *
			Sheinwoodian				430.5
		Llandovery	Telychian				433.4
			Telychian				436.3 *
			Aeronian				438.5
			Aeronian		Cowleigh Park		439.3 *
			Rhuddanian		Cowleigh Park		440.8
	Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian				443.8
			Katian				445.2
			Sandbian				453
		Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian				458.4
		Middle Ordovician	Dapingian				467.3
		Early Ordovician	Floian				470
		Early Ordovician	Tremadocian				477.7
	Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10				Niuchehean	Taoyuanian †	Late Cambrian	485.4
			Jiangshanian				Jiangshanian			489.5
			Paibian				Paibian			494
			Paibian				Paibian	Waergangian †/Youshuanian		494.9 *
		Miaolingian	Guzhangian				Guzhangian	Wangcunian †	Middle Cambrian	497
			Drumian				Drumian	Wangcunian †		500.5
			Wuliuan				Wuliuan/Taijangian			504.5
		Series 2	Stage 4				Duyunian		Early Cambrian	509
		Series 2	Stage 3				Nangaoian			514
		Terreneuvian	Stage 2				Meishucunian			521
			Fortunian				Meishucunian			529
			Fortunian				Jinnigian			530.7
Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran									Vendian	538.8
		Cryogenian										635
		Tonian										720
		Tonian									Karatau	800
	Mesoproterozoic	Stenian									Karatau	1000
		Stenian									Yurmatian	1100
		Ectasian									Yurmatian	1200
		Ectasian									Burzyan	1375
													1400