PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
F. J. Prevosti, C. O. Romano, A. M. Forasiepi, S. Hemming, R. Bonini, A. M. Candela, E. Cerdeño, M. C. Madozzo Jaén, P. E. Ortiz, F. Pujos, L. Rasia, G. I. Schmidt, M. Taglioretti, R. D. E. MacPhee, and U. F. J. Pardiñas. 2021. New radiometric 40Ar–39Ar dates and faunistic analyses refine evolutionary dynamics of Neogene vertebrate assemblages in southern South America. Scientific Reports 2021(11):9830 view
J. J. Flynn and C. C. Swisher, III. 1995. Cenozoic South American Land Mammal Ages: correlation to global geochronology. Geochronology Time Scales and Global Stratigraphic Correlation, SEPM Special Publication 54:317-333 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126973 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Cambrian of China		Carboniferous of China	Cambrian of West Avalonia	Permian of the Salt Range	South American Land Mammal Ages		Ordovician of the Baltic			Devonian of Eastern North America		Permian of China
Quaternary	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene						Lujanian								0.0117
		Chibanian						Lujanian								0.129
		Chibanian						Ensenadan								0.3 *
		Calabrian						Ensenadan								0.774
		Calabrian						Sanandresian	Uquian †							1.7 *
		Gelasian						Sanandresian								1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian						Vorohuean								2.58
		Piacenzian						Chapadmalalan								2.9 *
		Zanclean						Chapadmalalan								3.6
								Montehermosan								3.7 *
								Huayquerian								4.9 *
	Miocene	Messinian														5.333
		Tortonian														7.246
								Chasicoan								7.9 *
								Mayoan								9.9 *
								Laventan								10.9 *
		Serravallian						Laventan								11.63
		Serravallian						Colloncuran								13.7 *
		Langhian						Colloncuran								13.82
		Langhian						Friasian								15.4 *
		Burdigalian						Friasian								15.98
								Santacrucian								16.2 *
								Colhuehuapian								17.4 *
		Aquitanian						Colhuehuapian								20.44
		Aquitanian						Deseadan								20.9 *
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian														23.03
		Rupelian														27.82
		Rupelian						Tinguirirican								28.9 *
	Eocene	Priabonian						Tinguirirican								33.9
		Priabonian						Divisaderan								35.9 *
		Bartonian														37.71
		Lutetian														41.2
		Lutetian						Mustersan								41.9 *
		Ypresian						Mustersan								47.8
		Ypresian						Casamayoran								47.9 *
	Paleocene	Thanetian						Riochican								56
								Itaboraian								56.9 *
								Peligran								58.9 *
		Selandian														59.2
		Danian														61.6
		Danian						Tiupampan								62.4 *
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian														66
		Campanian														72.1
		Santonian														83.6
		Coniacian														86.3
		Turonian														89.8
		Cenomanian														93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian														100.5
		Aptian														113
		Barremian														121.4
		Hauterivian														125.77
		Valanginian														132.6
		Berriasian														139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian														145
		Kimmeridgian														149.2
		Oxfordian														154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian														161.5
		Bathonian														165.3
		Bajocian														168.2
		Aalenian														170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian														174.7
		Pliensbachian														184.2
		Sinemurian														192.9
		Hettangian														199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian	201.4
		Norian	208.5
		Carnian	227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian	237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian	242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian	247.2
		Induan	251.2
		Induan	Kathwai	251.5 *
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian	Kathwai	Meishanian	251.902
					252.4 *
			Chhidru		252.9 *
				Baoqingian	253.4 *
		Wuchiapingian		Laoshanian	254.14
			Kalabagh		255 *
			Wargal		256 *
				Laibinian	257.7 *
	Guadalupian	Capitanian		Lengwuan	259.51
		Wordian		Kuhfengian	264.28
					265.3 *
			Amb		266.1 *
		Roadian	Amb		266.9
		Roadian			270.7 *
	Cisuralian	Kungurian		Luodianian	273.01
		Artinskian		Luodianian	283.5
		Artinskian		Longlinian	285.4 *
		Sakmarian		Longlinian	290.1
		Asselian		Zisongian	293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian			298.9
					Xiaodushanian	300 *
						300.1
		Kasimovian				303.7
		Kasimovian			Dalaun	305.8 *
		Moscovian				307
		Bashkirian				315.2
					Huashibanian	318.5 *
					Lousuan	321.2 *
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian			Dewunian	323.2
		Serpukhovian			Shangsian	330.8 *
		Visean			Shangsian	330.9
		Visean			Jiusian	335 *
		Tournaisian			Tangbagouan	346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian				Conewangan/Conneautan/Canadaway	358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian				West Fallsian/Sonyean	372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian				Geneseean/Taghanican/Tioughniogan	Cazenovian	382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian				Southwoodian	Cazenovian	387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian				Sawkillian/Deer Parkian	Helderbergian	393.3
		Pragian						407.6
		Lochkovian						410.8
Silurian	Pridoli							419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian						423
	Ludlow	Gorstian						425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian						427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian						430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian						433.4
		Aeronian						438.5
		Rhuddanian						440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian						Harju	Porkuni	443.8
		Katian							Pirgu	445.2
									Vormsi	449.6 *
									Nabala	Johvi †	450 *
								Viru	Rakvere		450.6 *
									Oandu		452 *
		Sandbian							Keila	Idavere †	453
									Haljala		453.9
									Kukruse		456.4 *
									Uhaku	Aluoja †	457.5 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian							Uhaku		458.4
									Lasnamagi		458.9 *
									Aseri		460.4 *
								Oeland	Kunda		462.9 *
									Kunda	Valaste †/Hunderum	464.3 *
									Volkhov		Langevoja †/Vaana/Saka	467.1 *
		Dapingian							Volkhov			467.3
		Dapingian							Billingen			469.3 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian										470
										Latorp †		470.1 *
									Hunneberg			473.7 *
		Tremadocian							Hunneberg			477.7
									Varangu			481.3 *
									Pakerort			482.2 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10							Pakerort	Niuchehean		Taoyuanian †	Franconian †/Dresbachian/Millardan	485.4
														486.3 *
														486.5
														Sunwaptan	487.5
		Jiangshanian								Jiangshanian				Sunwaptan	489.5
		Jiangshanian	Steptoean							Jiangshanian				493 *
		Paibian								Paibian				494
		Paibian								Paibian		Waergangian †/Youshuanian		494.9 *
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian	Guzhangian							Wangcunian †		Marjumian	Albertian †	497
		Guzhangian	Guzhangian											Arcadian	498.4
		Drumian	Drumian												500.5
		Wuliuan	Wuliuan/Taijangian									Topazan			504.5
		Wuliuan	Wuliuan/Taijangian									Delamaran			506.5
	Series 2	Stage 4	Duyunian	Branchian								Delamaran	Waucoban †	509
		Stage 4	Duyunian									Dyeran		511 *
		Stage 3	Nangaoian									Dyeran		514
												Montezuman		514.8 *
				Placentian								Montezuman		517.1
												Begadean		519.9 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2	Meishucunian											521
		Fortunian	Meishucunian											529
		Fortunian	Jinnigian											530.7
																538.8