PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view
F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126884 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale					Cambrian of China		Permian Subages of Germany	Cambrian of Australia	Permian of China	Ammonite Chrons of North America			Ordovician of China	Carboniferous Subepochs	Mesozoic Subages
Phanerozoic	Mesozoic	Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian											Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian		66
				Campanian											Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian		72.1
				Santonian											Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian		83.6
				Coniacian											Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian		86.3
				Turonian											Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian		89.8
				Cenomanian											Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian		93.9
			Early Cretaceous	Albian											Late Albian		100.5
															Middle Albian		106.2 *
															Early Albian		109.9 *
				Aptian											Late Aptian		113
				Aptian											Early Aptian		119.5 *
				Barremian											Late Barremian/Early Barremian		121.4
				Hauterivian											Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian		125.77
				Valanginian											Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian		132.6
				Berriasian											Late Berriasian		139.8
															Middle Berriasian		140.6 *
															Early Berriasian		142.7 *
		Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian											Late Tithonian	Middle Tithonian	145
				Tithonian											Early Tithonian	Middle Tithonian	146.3 *
				Kimmeridgian											Late Kimmeridgian		149.2
				Kimmeridgian											Early Kimmeridgian		152.2 *
				Oxfordian											Late Oxfordian	Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian	154.8
				Oxfordian												Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian	157.9 *
			Middle Jurassic	Callovian											Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian		161.5
				Bathonian											Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian		165.3
				Bajocian						Epizigzagiceras					Late Bajocian		168.2
										Rotundum/Oblatum/Kirschneri/Crassicostatus/Widebayense					Late Bajocian		168.4
										Rotundum/Oblatum/Kirschneri/Crassicostatus/Widebayense					Early Bajocian		168.6 *
				Aalenian						Howelli/Scissum/Westermanni					Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian		170.9
			Early Jurassic	Toarcian						Yakounensis/Hillebrandti/Crassicosta					Late Toarcian		174.7
										Planulata							179.3 *
												Arnioceras arnouldi					179.8 *
															Middle Toarcian		180.4 *
										Kanense							181.3 *
										Carlottense							182.3 *
										Carlottense					Early Toarcian		182.9 *
										Kunae					Early Toarcian		183.5 *
				Pliensbachian						Kunae					Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian		184.2
										Freboldi							185.1 *
										Whiteavesi/Imlayi	Tetraspidoceras						186.2 *
											Tetraspidoceras						189.2 *
										Plesechioceras harbledownense/Asteroceras varians/Coroniceras	Canadensis						190.3 *
				Sinemurian											Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian		192.9
										Pseudaetomoceras		Psiloceras					196.4 *
										Franziceras/Euphyllites							196.5 *
				Hettangian						Franziceras/Euphyllites					Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian		199.5
		Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian													201.4
				Norian											Sevatian		208.5
															Alaunian		213.2 *
															Lacian		216.7 *
				Carnian											Tuvalian		227
				Carnian											Julian		233.4 *
			Middle Triassic	Ladinian											Longobardian		237
				Ladinian											Fassanian		239.7 *
				Anisian											Illyrian		242
															Pelsonian		243.8 *
															Bithynian		244.7 *
															Aegean		245.5 *
			Early Triassic	Olenekian											Spathian		247.2
				Olenekian											Smithian		248.9 *
				Induan											Dienerian		251.2
				Induan											Griesbachian		251.4 *
	Paleozoic	Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian			Buntsandstein		Meishanian								251.902
				Changhsingian					Baoqingian								253.4 *
Wuchiapingian				Laoshanian	254.14
Wuchiapingian				Laibinian	257.7 *
Guadalupian			Capitanian	Ohre/Aller	Lengwuan	259.51
			Wordian	Leine	Kuhfengian	264.28
			Roadian		Kuhfengian	266.9
Cisuralian			Kungurian		Luodianian	273.01
			Artinskian		Luodianian	283.5
			Artinskian		Longlinian	285.4 *
			Sakmarian		Longlinian	290.1
			Asselian		Zisongian	293.52
Carboniferous		Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian		Zisongian	Late Pennsylvanian	298.9
			Gzhelian				300.1
			Kasimovian				303.7
			Moscovian			Middle Pennsylvanian	307
			Bashkirian			Early Pennsylvanian	315.2
		Mississippian	Serpukhovian			Late Mississippian	323.2
			Visean			Middle Mississippian	330.9
			Tournaisian			Early Mississippian	346.7
Devonian		Late Devonian	Famennian				358.9
		Late Devonian	Frasnian				372.2
		Middle Devonian	Givetian				382.7
		Middle Devonian	Eifelian				387.7
		Early Devonian	Emsian				393.3
			Pragian				407.6
			Lochkovian				410.8
Silurian		Pridoli					419.2
		Ludlow	Ludfordian				423
		Ludlow	Gorstian				425.6
		Wenlock	Homerian				427.4
		Wenlock	Sheinwoodian				430.5
		Llandovery	Telychian				433.4
			Aeronian				438.5
			Rhuddanian				440.8
Ordovician		Late Ordovician	Hirnantian				Hirnantian	Xiaoxita †/Shikou	Wufeng †				443.8
			Katian				Chientangkiangian		Wufeng †				445.2
			Katian				Neichianshanian/Hanjiang						449.5
			Sandbian				Neichianshanian/Hanjiang						453
		Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian				Darriwilian	Guniu †/Hulo					458.4
			Darriwilian				Darriwilian	Hunjiang †	Dawan †/Daobaowan/Ningkuo				466.3 *
			Dapingian				Dapingian						467.3
		Early Ordovician	Floian				Yiyangian						470
			Tremadocian				Xinchangian						477.7
			Tremadocian				Xinchangian		Lianghekou †				477.9 *
Cambrian		Furongian	Stage 10				Niuchehean	Taoyuanian †	Datsonian					485.4
			Stage 10				Niuchehean		Payntonian		486.8 *
			Jiangshanian				Jiangshanian		Iverian		489.5
			Paibian				Paibian		Idamean	494
			Paibian				Paibian	Waergangian †/Youshuanian	Idamean	494.9 *
		Miaolingian	Guzhangian				Guzhangian	Wangcunian †	Mindyallan	497
			Guzhangian				Guzhangian		Boomerangian	499
			Drumian				Drumian		Undillan	500.5
			Drumian				Drumian		Floran	503
			Wuliuan				Wuliuan/Taijangian		Templetonian	504.5
			Wuliuan				Wuliuan/Taijangian		Ordian	507.8 *
		Series 2	Stage 4				Duyunian		Ordian	509
			Stage 4				Duyunian			510.8 *
			Stage 3				Nangaoian			514
		Terreneuvian	Stage 2				Meishucunian			521
			Fortunian				Meishucunian			529
			Fortunian				Jinnigian			530.7
Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran									Vendian †	Poundian †		538.8
Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran									Vendian †	Wonokan †		571.7 *
																	635