PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
A. G. Sennikov and V. K. Golubev. 2006. Vyazniki Biotic Assemblage of the Terminal Permian. Paleontological Journal 40(suppl. 4):S475-S481 view
J. A. Lillegraven and M. C. McKenna. 1986. Fossil mammals from the "Mesaverde" Formation (Late Cretaceous, Judithian) of the Bighorn and Wind River basins, Wyoming, with definitions of Late Cretaceous North American Land-Mammal "Ages". American Museum Novitates 2840:1-68 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view
M. Harzhauser and W. E. Piller. 2004. Integrated stratigraphy of the Sarmatian (Upper Middle Miocene) in the western Central Paratethys. Stratigraphy 1(1):65-86 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126973 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Cambrian of China		Permo-Triassic Subages of Eastern Europe	Permian of North America		Cretaceous North American Land-Mammal Ages	Ordovician of Britain				Central Paratethys Stages	Permian Subages of Germany	Cambrian of North America		Permian of the Salt Range
Neogene	Miocene	Tortonian											Pannonian					7.246
		Serravallian											Sarmatian					11.63
		Serravallian											Badenian					12.8 *
		Langhian																13.82
		Burdigalian																15.98
		Aquitanian																20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian																23.03
	Oligocene	Rupelian																27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian																33.9
		Bartonian																37.71
		Lutetian																41.2
		Ypresian																47.8
	Paleocene	Thanetian																56
		Selandian																59.2
		Danian																61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian						Lancian/Edmontonian										66
		Campanian						Judithian/Aquilan										72.1
		Santonian																83.6
		Coniacian																86.3
		Turonian																89.8
		Cenomanian																93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian																100.5
		Aptian																113
		Barremian																121.4
		Hauterivian																125.77
		Valanginian																132.6
		Berriasian																139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian																145
		Kimmeridgian																149.2
		Oxfordian																154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian																161.5
		Bathonian																165.3
		Bajocian																168.2
		Aalenian																170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian																174.7
		Pliensbachian																184.2
		Sinemurian																192.9
		Hettangian																199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian																201.4
		Norian																208.5
		Carnian																227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian																237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian																242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian			Vokhmian													247.2
		Induan																251.2
		Induan															Kathwai	251.5 *
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian												Buntsandstein			Kathwai	251.902
																		252.4 *
																	Chhidru	252.9 *
		Wuchiapingian			Late Vyatkian/Early Vyatkian												Chhidru	254.14
																	Kalabagh	255 *
																	Wargal	256 *
	Guadalupian	Capitanian			Late Severodvinian/Early Severodvinian	Capitanian								Ohre/Aller				259.51
		Wordian			Late Urzhumian/Early Urzhumian	Wordian								Leine				264.28
																		265.3 *
																	Amb	266.1 *
		Roadian			Late Kazanian/Early Kazanian	Roadian											Amb	266.9
		Roadian			Late Kazanian/Early Kazanian	Roadian												270.7 *
	Cisuralian	Kungurian				Leonardian	Cathedralian											273.01
		Kungurian					Hessian											281.9 *
		Artinskian					Hessian											283.5
		Artinskian				Wolfcampian	Lenoxian											286.1 *
		Sakmarian					Lenoxian											290.1
		Asselian					Nealian											293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian				298.9
		Kasimovian				303.7
		Moscovian				307
		Bashkirian				315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian				323.2
		Visean				330.9
		Tournaisian				346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian				358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian				372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian				382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian				387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian				393.3
		Pragian				407.6
		Lochkovian				410.8
Silurian	Pridoli					Ohesaare	419.2
	Pridoli					Kaugetuma	421.7 *
	Ludlow	Ludfordian				Kuressaare	423
		Ludfordian				Paadla	423.4 *
		Gorstian				Paadla	425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian				Rootsikula	427.4
		Homerian				Jaagarahu	429.2 *
		Sheinwoodian				Jaagarahu	430.5
		Sheinwoodian				Jaani	431.8 *
	Llandovery	Telychian				Jaani	433.4
		Telychian				Adavere	434 *
		Aeronian				Adavere	438.5
		Aeronian				Raikkula	439.4 *
		Rhuddanian				Raikkula	440.8
		Rhuddanian				Juuru	441.4 *
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian				Ashgill	Hirnantian		443.8
		Katian					Rawtheyan		445.2
							Cautleyan		448.9 *
							Pusgillian		449.3 *
						Caradoc	Streffordian		Onnian †	449.6 *
							Cheneyan			451.5 *
							Burrellian			452.7 *
		Sandbian								453
									Actonian †	453.2 *
									Marshbrookian †	Woolstonian †	454.2 *
									Longvillian †		455.2 *
							Aurelucian		Longvillian †		456.8 *
							Aurelucian		Soudleyan †/Harnagian/Costonian		457.4 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian				Llanvirn	Llandeilian/Llandeilo/Late Llandeilo/Middle Llandeilo/Early Llandeilo/Late Llanvirn				458.4
		Darriwilian					Abereiddian/Early Llanvirn				461.3 *
		Dapingian					Abereiddian/Early Llanvirn				467.3
		Dapingian				Arenig	Fennian				468.4 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian					Fennian				470
							Whitlandian				471.1 *
							Moridunian				474.3 *
		Tremadocian				Tremadoc	Migneintian				477.7
						Tremadoc	Cressagian				480.8 *
											485 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10									Niuchehean	Taoyuanian †	Franconian †/Dresbachian/Millardan		485.4
		Stage 10									Niuchehean				Sunwaptan	487.5
		Jiangshanian									Jiangshanian				Sunwaptan	489.5
		Jiangshanian									Jiangshanian				Steptoean	493 *
		Paibian									Paibian			494
		Paibian									Paibian	Waergangian †/Youshuanian		494.9 *
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian			Guzhangian						Wangcunian †	Marjumian	Albertian †	497
		Drumian			Drumian						Wangcunian †	Marjumian		500.5
		Wuliuan			Wuliuan/Taijangian							Topazan		504.5
		Wuliuan			Wuliuan/Taijangian							Delamaran		506.5
	Series 2	Stage 4			Duyunian							Delamaran	Waucoban †	509
		Stage 4			Duyunian							Dyeran		511 *
		Stage 3	Nangaoian	514								Dyeran
				Montezuman	514.8 *
				Begadean	519.9 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2	Meishucunian		521
		Fortunian	Meishucunian		529
		Fortunian	Jinnigian		530.7
																		538.8