PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
P. L. Gibbard, M. J. Head, and M. J. C. Walker. 2010. Formal ratification of the Quaternary System/Period and the Pleistocene Series/Epoch with a base at 2.58 Ma. Journal of Quaternary Science 25(2):96-102 view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126849 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Cambrian of China		Permian of the Pamirs	Mesozoic Subages		Permian of the Russian Platform		Devonian of Germany	Cenozoic Subepochs of Southern Europe	Ordovician of Australia			Cambrian of North America
Quaternary	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene									Tarantian					0.0117
		Chibanian									Ionian					0.129
		Calabrian														0.774
		Gelasian														1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian														2.58
	Pliocene	Zanclean														3.6
	Miocene	Messinian														5.333
		Tortonian														7.246
		Serravallian														11.63
		Langhian														13.82
		Burdigalian														15.98
		Aquitanian														20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian														23.03
	Oligocene	Rupelian														27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian														33.9
		Bartonian														37.71
		Lutetian														41.2
		Ypresian														47.8
	Paleocene	Thanetian														56
		Selandian														59.2
		Danian														61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian				Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian										66
		Campanian				Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian										72.1
		Santonian				Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian										83.6
		Coniacian				Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian										86.3
		Turonian				Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian										89.8
		Cenomanian				Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian										93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian				Late Albian										100.5
						Middle Albian										106.2 *
						Early Albian										109.9 *
		Aptian				Late Aptian										113
		Aptian				Early Aptian										119.5 *
		Barremian				Late Barremian/Early Barremian										121.4
		Hauterivian				Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian										125.77
		Valanginian				Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian										132.6
		Berriasian				Late Berriasian										139.8
						Middle Berriasian										140.6 *
						Early Berriasian										142.7 *
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian				Late Tithonian	Middle Tithonian									145
		Tithonian				Early Tithonian	Middle Tithonian									146.3 *
		Kimmeridgian				Late Kimmeridgian										149.2
		Kimmeridgian				Early Kimmeridgian										152.2 *
		Oxfordian				Late Oxfordian	Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian									154.8
		Oxfordian					Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian									157.9 *
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian				Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian										161.5
		Bathonian				Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian										165.3
		Bajocian				Late Bajocian										168.2
		Bajocian				Early Bajocian										168.6 *
		Aalenian				Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian										170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian				Late Toarcian										174.7
						Middle Toarcian										180.4 *
						Early Toarcian										182.9 *
		Pliensbachian				Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian										184.2
		Sinemurian				Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian										192.9
		Hettangian				Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian										199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian														201.4
		Norian				Sevatian										208.5
						Alaunian										213.2 *
						Lacian										216.7 *
		Carnian				Tuvalian										227
		Carnian				Julian										233.4 *
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian				Longobardian										237
		Ladinian				Fassanian										239.7 *
		Anisian				Illyrian										242
			Pelsonian	243.8 *
			Bithynian	244.7 *
			Aegean	245.5 *
	Early Triassic	Olenekian	Spathian	247.2
		Olenekian	Smithian	248.9 *
		Induan	Dienerian	251.2
		Induan	Griesbachian	251.4 *
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian	Dorashamian		251.902
		Wuchiapingian	Dzhulfian		254.14
		Wuchiapingian	Dzhulfian		Tatarian	Vyatkian		256.8 *
	Guadalupian	Capitanian	Midian			Severodvinian		259.51
		Wordian	Midian			Urzhumian		264.28
		Wordian	Murgabian			Urzhumian		266.2 *
		Roadian			Kazanian	Povolzhian		266.9
		Roadian			Kazanian	Sokian		270.7 *
	Cisuralian	Kungurian	Kubergandian		Kungurian	Irenian/Ufimian		273.01
			Kubergandian			Filipovian		276.5 *
			Bolorian			Filipovian		279.8
						Saraninian		280.1 *
		Artinskian			Artinskian	Sarginian		283.5
						Irginian		285.9 *
			Yakhtashian			Irginian		286
			Yakhtashian			Burtsevian		287.8 *
		Sakmarian	Sakmarian		Sakmarian	Sterlitamakian		290.1
		Sakmarian	Sakmarian		Sakmarian	Tastubian		291.7 *
		Asselian	Asselian		Asselian	Shikhanian		293.52
						Uskalykian		294.8
						Surenian		297.5
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian						298.9
		Kasimovian						303.7
		Moscovian						307
		Bashkirian						315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian						323.2
		Visean						330.9
		Tournaisian						346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian						Wocklum/Dasberg/Hemberg/Nehden	358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian						Adorf	372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian						Givetian	382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian						Eifelian	387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian						Emsian	393.3
		Pragian						Siegen	407.6
		Lochkovian						Gedinnine	410.8
Silurian	Pridoli								419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian							423
	Ludlow	Gorstian					425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian					427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian					430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian					433.4
		Aeronian					438.5
		Rhuddanian					440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian					Bolindian		Hirnantian	Xiaoxita †/Shikou	Wufeng †	443.8
		Katian					Bolindian		Chientangkiangian			445.2
							Eastonian		Chientangkiangian			449 *
							Eastonian		Neichianshanian/Hanjiang			449.5
							Gisbornian					452 *
		Sandbian					Gisbornian					453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian					Darriwilian		Darriwilian	Guniu †/Hulo		458.4
		Darriwilian					Darriwilian		Darriwilian	Hunjiang †	Dawan †/Daobaowan/Ningkuo	466.3 *
		Dapingian					Yapeenian		Dapingian			467.3
		Dapingian					Castlemainian		Dapingian			468.5 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian					Chewtonian		Yiyangian			470
							Bendigonian					471.8 *
							Lancefieldian					473.5 *
		Tremadocian							Xinchangian			477.7
											Lianghekou †	477.9 *
							Warendian				Lianghekou †	482.8 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10					Niuchehean		Taoyuanian †				Franconian †/Dresbachian/Millardan	485.4
		Stage 10					Niuchehean							Sunwaptan	487.5
		Jiangshanian					Jiangshanian							Sunwaptan	489.5
		Jiangshanian					Jiangshanian							Steptoean	493 *
		Paibian					Paibian								494
		Paibian		Waergangian †/Youshuanian			Paibian		494.9 *
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian		Guzhangian			Wangcunian †		Marjumian				Albertian †	497
		Drumian		Drumian			Wangcunian †		Marjumian					500.5
		Wuliuan		Wuliuan/Taijangian					Topazan					504.5
		Wuliuan		Wuliuan/Taijangian					Delamaran					506.5
	Series 2	Stage 4		Duyunian					Delamaran				Waucoban †	509
		Stage 4		Duyunian					Dyeran					511 *
		Stage 3		Nangaoian					Dyeran					514
									Montezuman					514.8 *
									Begadean					519.9 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2		Meishucunian										521
		Fortunian		Meishucunian										529
		Fortunian		Jinnigian										530.7
																538.8