PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
D. H. Erwin and S. A. Bowring. 2004. Cambrian time scale. view
F. F. Steininger, W. A. Berggren, D. V. Kent, R. L. Bernor, S. Sen and J. Agusti. 1996. Circum-Mediterranean Neogene (Miocene and Pliocene) marine-continental chronologic correlations of European mammal units. The Evolution of Western Eurasian Neogene Mammal Faunas (eds. R. L. Bernor, V. Fahlbusch, and H.-W. Mittmann) view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126831 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Cambrian of China		Permian of the Russian Platform		Permian-Jurassic of New Zealand		Cambrian of Siberia			Carboniferous Subepochs	Silurian of North America			Cretaceous Subepochs	European Faunal Units
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian															Villanyian	2.58
		Piacenzian															Ruscinian	3.1 *
		Zanclean															Ruscinian	3.6
	Miocene	Messinian															Turolian	5.333
		Tortonian															Turolian	7.246
		Tortonian															Vallesian	8.7
		Serravallian															Astaracian	11.63
		Langhian															Astaracian	13.82
		Burdigalian															Orleanian	15.98
		Burdigalian															Agenian	20
		Aquitanian															Agenian	20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian																23.03
	Oligocene	Rupelian																27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian																33.9
		Bartonian																37.71
		Lutetian																41.2
		Ypresian																47.8
	Paleocene	Thanetian																56
		Selandian																59.2
		Danian																61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian														Senonian		66
		Campanian																72.1
		Santonian																83.6
		Coniacian																86.3
		Turonian																89.8
		Cenomanian																93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian														Gallic		100.5
		Aptian																113
		Barremian																121.4
		Hauterivian														Neocomian		125.77
		Valanginian																132.6
		Berriasian																139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian					Oteke	Puaroan										145
		Kimmeridgian					Oteke	Puaroan										149.2
							Kawhia	Ohauan										150
								Heterian										154.5
		Oxfordian																154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian																161.5
		Callovian						Temaikan										164.3
		Bathonian																165.3
		Bajocian																168.2
		Aalenian																170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian																174.7
		Toarcian					Herangi	Ururoan										176
		Pliensbachian						Ururoan										184.2
		Pliensbachian						Aratauran										188.9
		Sinemurian																192.9
		Hettangian																199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian					Balfour	Otapirian										201.4
		Norian						Warepan										208.5
								Otamitan										217
								Oretian										221
		Carnian						Oretian										227
		Carnian					Gore	Kaihikuan										227.5
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian						Kaihikuan										237
		Ladinian						Etalian										238
		Anisian						Etalian										242
		Anisian						Malakovian										246
	Early Triassic	Olenekian						Malakovian										247.2
		Olenekian						Nelsonian										249
		Induan						Nelsonian										251.2
		Induan					DUrville	Makarewan										251.5
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian						Makarewan										251.902
		Changhsingian						Waiitian										253.2
		Wuchiapingian	254.14					Waiitian
			Puruhauan	254.2
			Puruhauan	Tatarian	Vyatkian	256.8 *
	Guadalupian	Capitanian	Severodvinian		Aparima	Flettian	259.51
		Wordian	Urzhumian			Flettian	264.28
		Wordian	Urzhumian			Barettian	266
		Roadian	Kazanian	Povolzhian			266.9
		Roadian	Kazanian	Sokian			270.7 *
	Cisuralian	Kungurian	Kungurian	Irenian/Ufimian			273.01
				Irenian/Ufimian		Mangapirian	276
				Filipovian			276.5 *
				Saraninian			280.1 *
		Artinskian	Artinskian	Sarginian			283.5
				Sarginian		Telfordian	285
				Irginian			285.9 *
				Burtsevian			287.8 *
				Burtsevian			288.5
		Sakmarian	Sakmarian	Sterlitamakian			290.1
		Sakmarian	Sakmarian	Tastubian			291.7 *
		Asselian	Asselian	Shikhanian			293.52
				Uskalykian			294.8
				Surenian			297.5
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian					Late Pennsylvanian	298.9
		Kasimovian					Late Pennsylvanian	303.7
		Moscovian					Middle Pennsylvanian	307
		Bashkirian					Early Pennsylvanian	315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian					Late Mississippian	323.2
		Visean					Middle Mississippian	330.9
		Tournaisian					Early Mississippian	346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian						358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian						372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian						382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian						387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian						393.3
		Pragian						407.6
		Lochkovian						410.8
Silurian	Pridoli							Cayugan	419.2
	Pridoli							Niagaran	422.5 *
	Ludlow	Ludfordian							423
	Ludlow	Gorstian							425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian							Lockportian	427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian								430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian							Ontarian	433.4
		Aeronian								438.5
										Alexandrian	438.7 *
								Medinan	Clinton		440.1 *
											440.7 *
		Rhuddanian									440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian									443.8
		Katian									445.2
		Sandbian									453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian									458.4
	Middle Ordovician	Dapingian									467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian									470
		Tremadocian									477.7
		Tremadocian									Mansian †	483.55 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10									Niuchehean	Taoyuanian †	Batyrbaian	Tavgian †	Ketyan †/Yurakian	485.4
		Jiangshanian									Jiangshanian		Batyrbaian			489.5
													Aksaian			490.7 *
													Sakian			492.2 *
		Paibian									Paibian					494
															Ensyan †/Maduan/Nganasanian	494.7 *
												Waergangian †/Youshuanian			Ensyan †/Maduan/Nganasanian	494.9 *
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian									Guzhangian	Wangcunian †	Ayusokkanian			497
		Guzhangian									Guzhangian		Mayan/Menevian			499.5
		Drumian									Drumian		Mayan/Menevian			500.5
		Wuliuan									Wuliuan/Taijangian		Amgan/Solvan			504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4									Duyunian		Amgan/Solvan			509
													Toyonian	Lenian †		510 *
													Botomian			512.5 *
		Stage 3									Nangaoian		Botomian			514
		Stage 3									Nangaoian		Atdabanian			515.6 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2									Meishucunian		Tommotian			521
		Stage 2											Nemakit-Daldynian			525.5
		Fortunian												Manykaian †		529
		Fortunian									Jinnigian			Manykaian †		530.7
																		538.8