PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. F. Steininger, W. A. Berggren, D. V. Kent, R. L. Bernor, S. Sen and J. Agusti. 1996. Circum-Mediterranean Neogene (Miocene and Pliocene) marine-continental chronologic correlations of European mammal units. The Evolution of Western Eurasian Neogene Mammal Faunas (eds. R. L. Bernor, V. Fahlbusch, and H.-W. Mittmann) view
F. J. Prevosti, C. O. Romano, A. M. Forasiepi, S. Hemming, R. Bonini, A. M. Candela, E. Cerdeño, M. C. Madozzo Jaén, P. E. Ortiz, F. Pujos, L. Rasia, G. I. Schmidt, M. Taglioretti, R. D. E. MacPhee, and U. F. J. Pardiñas. 2021. New radiometric 40Ar–39Ar dates and faunistic analyses refine evolutionary dynamics of Neogene vertebrate assemblages in southern South America. Scientific Reports 2021(11):9830 view
J. J. Flynn and C. C. Swisher, III. 1995. Cenozoic South American Land Mammal Ages: correlation to global geochronology. Geochronology Time Scales and Global Stratigraphic Correlation, SEPM Special Publication 54:317-333 view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 127980 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Cambrian of China		Mesozoic Subages		North American Land Mammal Ages	Devonian of Germany	Ten Million Year Bins	European Faunal Zones	South American Land Mammal Ages
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan					Saintaugustinean		Cenozoic 6				0
		Meghalayan					Santarosean						0.0004
		Northgrippian											0.0042
		Greenlandian											0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene									Lujanian		0.0117
		Late Pleistocene					Rancholabrean						0.014
		Chibanian					Rancholabrean						0.129
							Irvingtonian						0.21
											Ensenadan		0.3 *
		Calabrian											0.774
							Blancan						1.4
											Sanandresian	Uquian †	1.7 *
		Gelasian								MN 17	Sanandresian		1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian								MN 16	Vorohuean		2.58
										MN 16	Chapadmalalan		2.9 *
										MN 15			3.2
		Zanclean											3.6
											Montehermosan		3.7 *
										MN 14			4.2
							Hemphillian			MN 14			4.7
										MN 13	Huayquerian		4.9 *
	Miocene	Messinian								MN 13			5.333
		Tortonian								MN 12			7.246
										MN 11			7.75
										MN 11	Chasicoan		7.9 *
										MN 10			8.7
							Clarendonian			MN 10			9.4
										MN 9			9.7
											Mayoan		9.9 *
											Laventan		10.9 *
										MN 7 + 8			11.1
		Serravallian							Cenozoic 5				11.63
							Barstovian						12.5
										MN 6			12.8 *
										MN 6	Colloncuran		13.7 *
		Langhian								MN 5	Colloncuran		13.82
		Langhian								MN 5	Friasian		15.4 *
		Burdigalian								MN 4	Friasian		15.98
											Santacrucian		16.2 *
							Hemingfordian						16.3
										MN 3			16.9
											Colhuehuapian		17.4 *
							Arikareean						18.5
										MN 2			20
		Aquitanian											20.44
											Deseadan		20.9 *
										MN 1			22.4
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian							Cenozoic 4				23.03
		Rupelian											27.82
											Tinguirirican		28.9 *
							Whitneyan						29.5
							Orellan						31.8
	Eocene	Priabonian					Chadronian		Cenozoic 3				33.9
							Chadronian				Divisaderan		35.9 *
							Duchesnean						37
		Bartonian					Duchesnean						37.71
		Bartonian					Uintan						39.7
		Lutetian							Cenozoic 2				41.2
											Mustersan		41.9 *
							Bridgerian						46.2
		Ypresian											47.8
											Casamayoran		47.9 *
							Wasatchian						50.5
							Clarkforkian						54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian	Cenozoic 1	Riochican	56		Clarkforkian
				Riochican	Tiffanian	56.2
				Itaboraian		56.9 *
				Peligran		58.9 *
		Selandian				59.2
		Selandian			Torrejonian	60.9
		Danian				61.6
				Tiupampan		62.4 *
				Tiupampan	Puercan	63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian	Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian		Cretaceous 8		66
		Campanian	Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian		Cretaceous 7		72.1
		Santonian	Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian		Cretaceous 6		83.6
		Coniacian	Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian				86.3
		Turonian	Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian				89.8
		Cenomanian	Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian		Cretaceous 5		93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian	Late Albian		Cretaceous 4		100.5
			Middle Albian				106.2 *
			Early Albian				109.9 *
		Aptian	Late Aptian		Cretaceous 3		113
		Aptian	Early Aptian		Cretaceous 3		119.5 *
		Barremian	Late Barremian/Early Barremian		Cretaceous 2		121.4
		Hauterivian	Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian		Cretaceous 2		125.77
		Valanginian	Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian		Cretaceous 1		132.6
		Berriasian	Late Berriasian				139.8
			Middle Berriasian				140.6 *
			Early Berriasian				142.7 *
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian	Late Tithonian		Middle Tithonian		Jurassic 6	Oteke	Puaroan		145
		Tithonian	Early Tithonian		Middle Tithonian		Jurassic 6				146.3 *
		Kimmeridgian	Late Kimmeridgian				Jurassic 5				149.2
			Late Kimmeridgian					Kawhia	Ohauan		150
			Early Kimmeridgian						Ohauan		152.2 *
			Early Kimmeridgian						Heterian		154.5
		Oxfordian	Late Oxfordian		Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian						154.8
		Oxfordian			Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian						157.9 *
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian	Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian								161.5
		Callovian	Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian						Temaikan		164.3
		Bathonian	Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian				Jurassic 4				165.3
		Bajocian	Late Bajocian								168.2
		Bajocian	Early Bajocian								168.6 *
		Aalenian	Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian				Jurassic 3				170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian	Late Toarcian								174.7
			Late Toarcian					Herangi	Ururoan		176
			Middle Toarcian								180.4 *
			Early Toarcian								182.9 *
		Pliensbachian	Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian				Jurassic 2				184.2
		Pliensbachian	Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian				Jurassic 2		Aratauran		188.9
		Sinemurian	Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian				Jurassic 1				192.9
		Hettangian	Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian				Jurassic 1			199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian					Triassic 4	Balfour	Otapirian	201.4
		Norian	Sevatian						Warepan	208.5
			Alaunian							213.2 *
			Lacian							216.7 *
									Otamitan	217
									Oretian	221
		Carnian	Tuvalian				Triassic 3		Oretian	227
			Tuvalian					Gore	Kaihikuan	227.5
			Julian							233.4 *
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian	Longobardian				Triassic 2			237
			Longobardian						Etalian	238
			Fassanian							239.7 *
		Anisian	Illyrian							242
			Pelsonian							243.8 *
			Bithynian							244.7 *
			Aegean							245.5 *
			Aegean						Malakovian	246
	Early Triassic	Olenekian	Spathian				Triassic 1			247.2
			Smithian							248.9 *
			Smithian						Nelsonian	249
		Induan	Dienerian							251.2
			Griesbachian							251.4 *
			Griesbachian					DUrville	Makarewan	251.5
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian					Permian 4		Makarewan	251.902
		Changhsingian							Waiitian	253.2
		Wuchiapingian		254.14					Waiitian
		Wuchiapingian		Puruhauan		254.2
	Guadalupian	Capitanian		Aparima		Flettian		259.51
		Wordian				Flettian		264.28
		Wordian				Barettian		266
		Roadian					Permian 3	266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian					Permian 2	273.01
		Kungurian				Mangapirian		276
		Artinskian				Mangapirian		283.5
						Telfordian		285
								288.5
		Sakmarian						290.1
		Asselian					Permian 1	293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian					Carboniferous 5	298.9
		Kasimovian					Carboniferous 5	303.7
		Moscovian					Carboniferous 4	307
		Bashkirian					Carboniferous 4	315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian					Carboniferous 3	323.2
		Visean					Carboniferous 2	330.9
		Tournaisian					Carboniferous 1	346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian					Wocklum/Dasberg/Hemberg/Nehden	Devonian 5	358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian					Adorf	Devonian 4	372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian					Givetian	Devonian 3	382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian					Eifelian	Devonian 3	387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian					Emsian	Devonian 2	393.3
		Pragian			Siegen		Devonian 1	407.6
		Lochkovian			Gedinnine		Devonian 1	410.8
Silurian	Pridoli						Silurian 2	419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian						423
	Ludlow	Gorstian						425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian						427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian						430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian					Silurian 1	433.4
		Aeronian						438.5
		Rhuddanian						440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian					Ordovician 5	443.8
		Katian					Ordovician 5	445.2
		Sandbian					Ordovician 4	453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian					Ordovician 3	458.4
	Middle Ordovician	Dapingian					Ordovician 2	467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian					Ordovician 2	470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian					Ordovician 1	477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10					Niuchehean	Taoyuanian †	Cambrian 5	485.4
		Jiangshanian					Jiangshanian			489.5
		Paibian					Paibian			494
		Paibian					Paibian	Waergangian †/Youshuanian		494.9 *
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian					Guzhangian	Wangcunian †	Cambrian 4	497
		Drumian					Drumian	Wangcunian †	Cambrian 4	500.5
		Wuliuan					Wuliuan/Taijangian		Cambrian 3	504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4					Duyunian		Cambrian 3	509
	Series 2	Stage 3					Nangaoian		Cambrian 2	514
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2					Meishucunian		Cambrian 2	521
		Fortunian					Meishucunian		Cambrian 1	529
		Fortunian					Jinnigian		Cambrian 1	530.7
													538.8