PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view
F. F. Steininger, W. A. Berggren, D. V. Kent, R. L. Bernor, S. Sen and J. Agusti. 1996. Circum-Mediterranean Neogene (Miocene and Pliocene) marine-continental chronologic correlations of European mammal units. The Evolution of Western Eurasian Neogene Mammal Faunas (eds. R. L. Bernor, V. Fahlbusch, and H.-W. Mittmann) view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126778 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Cambrian of China		Mesozoic Subages		Cretaceous-Cenozoic of New Zealand		European Faunal Units	Ordovician of Ibero-Bohemia
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan					Wanganui	Haweran					0
		Northgrippian											0.0042
		Greenlandian											0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene											0.0117
		Chibanian											0.129
		Chibanian						Castlecliffian					0.34
		Calabrian						Castlecliffian					0.774
		Calabrian						Nukumaruan					1.63
		Gelasian						Nukumaruan					1.8
		Gelasian						Mangapanian					2.4
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian						Mangapanian	Villanyian				2.58
								Waipipian	Villanyian				3
									Ruscinian				3.1 *
		Zanclean											3.6
		Zanclean						Opoitian					3.7
	Miocene	Messinian					Taranaki	Kapitean	Turolian				5.333
		Messinian						Tongaporutuan					7.2
		Tortonian											7.246
									Vallesian				8.7
							Southland	Waiauan	Vallesian				11.04
		Serravallian						Waiauan	Astaracian				11.63
		Serravallian						Lillburnian					13.05
		Langhian						Lillburnian					13.82
								Clifdenian					15.1
							Pareora	Altonian					15.9
		Burdigalian						Altonian	Orleanian				15.98
								Otaian	Orleanian				18.7
									Agenian				20
		Aquitanian											20.44
		Aquitanian					Landon	Waitakian					21.7
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian						Waitakian					23.03
								Duntroonian					25.2
								Whaingaroan					27.3
		Rupelian											27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian											33.9
							Arnold	Runangan					34.6
								Kaiatan					36.7
		Bartonian						Kaiatan					37.71
		Bartonian						Bortonian					39.1
		Lutetian						Bortonian					41.2
							Dannevirke	Porangan					42.6
								Heretaungan					45.7
		Ypresian						Heretaungan					47.8
								Mangaorapan					48.9
								Waipawan					52
	Paleocene	Thanetian						Teurian					56
		Selandian											59.2
		Danian											61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian			Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian		Mata	Haumurian					66
		Campanian			Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian			Haumurian					72.1
		Santonian			Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian			Piripauan					83.6
		Santonian			Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian		Raukumara	Teratan					86.1
		Coniacian			Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian								86.3
		Turonian			Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian								89.8
								Mangaotanean					90.5
								Arowhanan					93.7
		Cenomanian			Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian			Arowhanan					93.9
							Clarence	Ngaterian					95.2
								Motuan					99.5
	Early Cretaceous	Albian			Late Albian			Motuan					100.5
					Late Albian			Urutawan					103.3
					Middle Albian			Urutawan					106.2 *
					Middle Albian		Taitai	Korangan					108.4
					Early Albian								109.9 *
		Aptian	Late Aptian	113
			Late Aptian		117.5
			Early Aptian		119.5 *
		Barremian	Late Barremian/Early Barremian		121.4
		Hauterivian	Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian		125.77
		Valanginian	Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian		132.6
		Berriasian	Late Berriasian		139.8
			Middle Berriasian		140.6 *
			Early Berriasian		142.7 *
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian	Late Tithonian		Middle Tithonian		145
		Tithonian	Early Tithonian		Middle Tithonian		146.3 *
		Kimmeridgian	Late Kimmeridgian				149.2
		Kimmeridgian	Early Kimmeridgian				152.2 *
		Oxfordian	Late Oxfordian		Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian		154.8
		Oxfordian			Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian		157.9 *
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian	Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian				161.5
		Bathonian	Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian				165.3
		Bajocian	Late Bajocian				168.2
		Bajocian	Early Bajocian				168.6 *
		Aalenian	Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian				170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian	Late Toarcian				174.7
			Middle Toarcian				180.4 *
			Early Toarcian				182.9 *
		Pliensbachian	Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian				184.2
		Sinemurian	Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian				192.9
		Hettangian	Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian				199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian					201.4
		Norian	Sevatian				208.5
			Alaunian				213.2 *
			Lacian				216.7 *
		Carnian	Tuvalian				227
		Carnian	Julian				233.4 *
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian	Longobardian				237
		Ladinian	Fassanian				239.7 *
		Anisian	Illyrian				242
			Pelsonian				243.8 *
			Bithynian				244.7 *
			Aegean				245.5 *
	Early Triassic	Olenekian	Spathian				247.2
		Olenekian	Smithian				248.9 *
		Induan	Dienerian				251.2
		Induan	Griesbachian				251.4 *
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian					251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian					Zechstein	254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian					Rotliegendes	259.51
		Wordian						264.28
		Roadian						266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian						273.01
		Artinskian					Autunian	283.5
		Sakmarian						290.1
		Asselian						293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian						298.9
		Kasimovian						303.7
		Moscovian						307
		Bashkirian						315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian						323.2
		Visean						330.9
		Tournaisian						346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian						Wocklum/Dasberg/Hemberg/Nehden	358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian						Adorf	372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian						Givetian	382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian						Eifelian	387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian						Emsian	393.3
		Pragian						Siegen	407.6
		Lochkovian						Gedinnine	410.8
Silurian	Pridoli							419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian						423
	Ludlow	Gorstian						425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian						427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian						430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian						433.4
		Aeronian						438.5
		Rhuddanian						440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian				Kosovian		443.8
		Katian				Kralodvorian		Bohdalec †	445.2
		Katian				Berounian			449.7 *
		Sandbian							453
									Zahorany †/Vinice	Letna †	456.2 *
								Liben †			458 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian			458.4
					Dobrotivian	458.5 *
					Oretanian	459.7 *
						Sarka †				461.7 *
		Dapingian				Klabava †				467.3
		Dapingian			Arenigian					468
	Early Ordovician	Floian			Arenigian					470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian			Tremadocian					477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10			Niuchehean					Taoyuanian †		485.4
		Jiangshanian			Jiangshanian							489.5
		Paibian			Paibian							494
		Paibian			Paibian					Waergangian †/Youshuanian		494.9 *
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian			Guzhangian					Wangcunian †		497
		Drumian			Drumian					Wangcunian †		500.5
		Wuliuan			Wuliuan/Taijangian							504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4			Duyunian							509
	Series 2	Stage 3			Nangaoian							514
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2			Meishucunian							521
		Fortunian			Meishucunian							529
		Fortunian			Jinnigian							530.7
													538.8