PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126844 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Cambrian of China		Ammonite Chrons of North America			Carboniferous Subepochs	Mesozoic Subages		Cambrian of North America
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian							Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian				66
		Campanian							Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian				72.1
		Santonian							Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian				83.6
		Coniacian							Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian				86.3
		Turonian							Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian				89.8
		Cenomanian							Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian				93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian							Late Albian				100.5
									Middle Albian				106.2 *
									Early Albian				109.9 *
		Aptian							Late Aptian				113
		Aptian							Early Aptian				119.5 *
		Barremian							Late Barremian/Early Barremian				121.4
		Hauterivian							Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian				125.77
		Valanginian							Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian				132.6
		Berriasian							Late Berriasian				139.8
									Middle Berriasian				140.6 *
									Early Berriasian				142.7 *
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian							Late Tithonian	Middle Tithonian			145
		Tithonian							Early Tithonian	Middle Tithonian			146.3 *
		Kimmeridgian							Late Kimmeridgian				149.2
		Kimmeridgian							Early Kimmeridgian				152.2 *
		Oxfordian							Late Oxfordian	Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian			154.8
		Oxfordian								Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian			157.9 *
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian							Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian				161.5
		Bathonian							Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian				165.3
		Bajocian			Epizigzagiceras				Late Bajocian				168.2
					Rotundum/Oblatum/Kirschneri/Crassicostatus/Widebayense				Late Bajocian				168.4
					Rotundum/Oblatum/Kirschneri/Crassicostatus/Widebayense				Early Bajocian				168.6 *
		Aalenian			Howelli/Scissum/Westermanni				Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian				170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian			Yakounensis/Hillebrandti/Crassicosta				Late Toarcian				174.7
					Planulata								179.3 *
							Arnioceras arnouldi						179.8 *
									Middle Toarcian				180.4 *
					Kanense								181.3 *
					Carlottense								182.3 *
					Carlottense				Early Toarcian				182.9 *
					Kunae				Early Toarcian				183.5 *
		Pliensbachian			Kunae				Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian				184.2
					Freboldi								185.1 *
					Whiteavesi/Imlayi	Tetraspidoceras							186.2 *
						Tetraspidoceras							189.2 *
					Plesechioceras harbledownense/Asteroceras varians/Coroniceras	Canadensis							190.3 *
		Sinemurian							Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian				192.9
					Pseudaetomoceras		Psiloceras						196.4 *
					Franziceras/Euphyllites								196.5 *
		Hettangian			Franziceras/Euphyllites				Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian				199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian											201.4
		Norian							Sevatian				208.5
									Alaunian				213.2 *
									Lacian				216.7 *
		Carnian							Tuvalian				227
		Carnian							Julian				233.4 *
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian							Longobardian				237
		Ladinian							Fassanian				239.7 *
		Anisian							Illyrian				242
									Pelsonian				243.8 *
									Bithynian				244.7 *
									Aegean				245.5 *
	Early Triassic	Olenekian							Spathian				247.2
		Olenekian							Smithian				248.9 *
		Induan							Dienerian				251.2
		Induan							Griesbachian				251.4 *
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian											251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian											254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian	259.51
		Wordian	264.28
		Roadian	266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian	273.01
		Artinskian	283.5
		Sakmarian	290.1
		Asselian	293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian	Late Pennsylvanian	298.9
		Kasimovian	Late Pennsylvanian	303.7
		Moscovian	Middle Pennsylvanian	307
		Bashkirian	Early Pennsylvanian	315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian	Late Mississippian	323.2
		Visean	Middle Mississippian	330.9
		Tournaisian	Early Mississippian	346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian		358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian		372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian		382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian		387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian		393.3
		Pragian		407.6
		Lochkovian		410.8
Silurian	Pridoli			419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian		423
	Ludlow	Gorstian		425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian		427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian		430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian		433.4
		Aeronian		438.5
		Rhuddanian		440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian		443.8
		Katian		445.2
		Sandbian		453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian		458.4
	Middle Ordovician	Dapingian		467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian		470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian		477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10		Niuchehean				Taoyuanian †		Franconian †/Dresbachian/Millardan	485.4
		Stage 10		Niuchehean							Sunwaptan	487.5
		Jiangshanian		Jiangshanian							Sunwaptan	489.5
		Jiangshanian		Jiangshanian							Steptoean	493 *
		Paibian		Paibian								494
		Paibian		Paibian				Waergangian †/Youshuanian				494.9 *
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian		Guzhangian				Wangcunian †		Marjumian	Albertian †	497
		Drumian		Drumian				Wangcunian †		Marjumian		500.5
		Wuliuan		Wuliuan/Taijangian				Topazan		504.5
		Wuliuan		Wuliuan/Taijangian				Delamaran		506.5
	Series 2	Stage 4		Duyunian	Waucoban †		509	Delamaran
		Stage 4		Duyunian			Dyeran	511 *
		Stage 3		Nangaoian			Dyeran	514
							Montezuman	514.8 *
							Begadean	519.9 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2		Meishucunian				521
		Fortunian		Meishucunian				529
		Fortunian		Jinnigian				530.7
													538.8