PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
M. Kretzoi. 1942. Necroteuthis n. g. (Ceph. Dibr., Necroteuthidae N. F.) aus dem Oligozän von Budapest und das system der Dibranchiata. Földtani Közlöny 72:125-238 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
J. Meng and M. C. McKenna. 1998. Faunal turnovers of Paleogene mammals from the Mongolian Plateau. Nature 394:364-367 view
F. J. Prevosti, C. O. Romano, A. M. Forasiepi, S. Hemming, R. Bonini, A. M. Candela, E. Cerdeño, M. C. Madozzo Jaén, P. E. Ortiz, F. Pujos, L. Rasia, G. I. Schmidt, M. Taglioretti, R. D. E. MacPhee, and U. F. J. Pardiñas. 2021. New radiometric 40Ar–39Ar dates and faunistic analyses refine evolutionary dynamics of Neogene vertebrate assemblages in southern South America. Scientific Reports 2021(11):9830 view
J. J. Flynn and C. C. Swisher, III. 1995. Cenozoic South American Land Mammal Ages: correlation to global geochronology. Geochronology Time Scales and Global Stratigraphic Correlation, SEPM Special Publication 54:317-333 view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126831 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Ordovician of North America						Paleogene Mammal Ages of Asia		Devonian Subages	Permian of North America		Permian of the Salt Range	Obsolete Names for ICS Units	South American Land Mammal Ages		Permian-Jurassic of New Zealand
Quaternary	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene														Lujanian				0.0117
		Chibanian														Lujanian				0.129
		Chibanian														Ensenadan				0.3 *
		Calabrian														Ensenadan				0.774
		Calabrian														Sanandresian	Uquian †			1.7 *
		Gelasian														Sanandresian				1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian													Tertiary †	Vorohuean				2.58
		Piacenzian														Chapadmalalan				2.9 *
		Zanclean														Chapadmalalan				3.6
																Montehermosan				3.7 *
																Huayquerian				4.9 *
	Miocene	Messinian																		5.333
		Tortonian																		7.246
																Chasicoan				7.9 *
																Mayoan				9.9 *
																Laventan				10.9 *
		Serravallian														Laventan				11.63
		Serravallian														Colloncuran				13.7 *
		Langhian														Colloncuran				13.82
		Langhian														Friasian				15.4 *
		Burdigalian														Friasian				15.98
																Santacrucian				16.2 *
																Colhuehuapian				17.4 *
		Aquitanian														Colhuehuapian				20.44
		Aquitanian														Deseadan				20.9 *
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian							Tabenbulakian	Hsandagolian										23.03
		Rupelian							Kekeamuan											27.82
		Rupelian							Kekeamuan							Tinguirirican				28.9 *
	Eocene	Priabonian							Houldjinian/Ergilian/Ulangochuian							Tinguirirican				33.9
		Priabonian							Houldjinian/Ergilian/Ulangochuian							Divisaderan				35.9 *
		Bartonian							Sharamurunian/Irdinmanhan/Arshantan											37.71
		Lutetian																		41.2
		Lutetian														Mustersan				41.9 *
		Ypresian								Bumbanian						Mustersan				47.8
		Ypresian								Bumbanian						Casamayoran				47.9 *
	Paleocene	Thanetian							Gashatan							Riochican				56
																Itaboraian				56.9 *
																Peligran				58.9 *
		Selandian																		59.2
		Danian																		61.6
		Danian														Tiupampan				62.4 *
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian																		66
		Campanian																		72.1
		Santonian																		83.6
		Coniacian																		86.3
		Turonian																		89.8
		Cenomanian																		93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian																		100.5
		Aptian																		113
		Barremian																		121.4
		Hauterivian																		125.77
		Valanginian																		132.6
		Berriasian																		139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian																Oteke	Puaroan	145
		Kimmeridgian																Oteke	Puaroan	149.2
																		Kawhia	Ohauan	150
																			Heterian	154.5
		Oxfordian																		154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian																		161.5
		Callovian																	Temaikan	164.3
		Bathonian																		165.3
		Bajocian																		168.2
		Aalenian																		170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian																		174.7
		Toarcian	Herangi	Ururoan	176
		Pliensbachian		Ururoan	184.2
		Pliensbachian		Aratauran	188.9
		Sinemurian			192.9
		Hettangian			199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian	Balfour	Otapirian	201.4
		Norian		Warepan	208.5
				Otamitan	217
				Oretian	221
		Carnian		Oretian	227
		Carnian	Gore	Kaihikuan	227.5
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian		Kaihikuan	237
		Ladinian		Etalian	238
		Anisian		Etalian	242
		Anisian		Malakovian	246
	Early Triassic	Olenekian		Malakovian	247.2
		Olenekian		Nelsonian	249
		Induan		Nelsonian	251.2
		Induan	Kathwai	DUrville	Makarewan	251.5 *
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian	Kathwai			251.902
						252.4 *
			Chhidru			252.9 *
					Waiitian	253.2
		Wuchiapingian			Waiitian	Longtanian †	254.14
					Puruhauan		254.2
			Kalabagh				255 *
			Wargal				256 *
	Guadalupian	Capitanian		Capitanian		Aparima	Flettian	259.51
		Wordian		Wordian				264.28
								265.3 *
							Barettian	266
			Amb					266.1 *
		Roadian	Amb	Roadian				266.9
		Roadian		Roadian				270.7 *
	Cisuralian	Kungurian		Leonardian				Cathedralian			273.01
							Mangapirian	Cathedralian		276
								Hessian		281.9 *
		Artinskian								283.5
							Telfordian		285
				Wolfcampian			Telfordian	Lenoxian	286.1 *
									288.5
		Sakmarian							290.1
		Asselian						Nealian	293.52
		Asselian						Nealian	Kuzel	297.7
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian							Kuzel	298.9
									Stephanian	Stephanian C	300.3 *
										Stephanian B	300.9 *
										Stephanian A	301.4 *
		Kasimovian								Stephanian A	303.7
		Kasimovian								Cantabrian	305 *
		Moscovian								Cantabrian	307
									Westphalian	Westphalian D	307.4 *
										Westphalian C	309.8
										Westphalian B	314.6
		Bashkirian								Westphalian B	315.2
										Westphalian A	317 *
									Namurian	Yeadonian	318.8 *
										Marsdenian	320.2 *
										Kinderscoutian	321.5 *
										Alportian	322 *
										Chokierian	323.1 *
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian								Chokierian	323.2
										Arnsbergian	324 *
										Pendleian	327.4 *
		Visean							Warnantian	Brigantian †	330.9
									Livian	Asbian †	336.3 *
									Moliniacian	Holkerian †/Arundian/Chadian	340.2 *
		Tournaisian							Ivorian		346.7
		Tournaisian							Hastarian		353.7 *
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian							Late Famennian			358.9
									Middle Famennian			365.3 *
									Early Famennian			368.5 *
		Frasnian							Late Frasnian			372.2
									Middle Frasnian			375.4 *
									Early Frasnian			379.3 *
	Middle Devonian	Givetian							Late Givetian			382.7
									Middle Givetian			383.7 *
									Early Givetian			385.9 *
		Eifelian							Late Eifelian			387.7
		Eifelian							Early Eifelian			390.3 *
	Early Devonian	Emsian							Late Emsian			393.3
		Emsian							Early Emsian			398.3 *
		Pragian							Pragian			407.6
		Lochkovian							Late Lochkovian			410.8
									Middle Lochkovian			412.8 *
									Early Lochkovian			415.6 *
Silurian	Pridoli											419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian										423
	Ludlow	Gorstian										425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian										427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian										430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian			433.4
		Aeronian			438.5
		Rhuddanian			440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian			Cincinnatian							Gamachian	443.8
		Katian										Gamachian	445.2
												Richmondian	446 *
			Maysvillian									Rocklandian †/Shermanian/Ashbyan/Kirkfieldian/Blackriveran/Wildernessian/Trentonian/Franklinian	449.8 *
			Edenian										450.4 *
			Mohawkian		Chatfieldian								451.1 *
		Sandbian			Chatfieldian								453
					Turinian								453.7 *
			Whiterockian									Canadian †	Chazyan †/Marmor	457 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian												458.4
		Dapingian				467.3
		Dapingian			Rangerian	469.1 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian	Ibexian		Blackhillsian	Jeffersonian †	Cassinian †						470
		Floian			Tulean								473.9 *
		Tremadocian		477.7	Tulean
				Stairsian	480.3 *
				Skullrockian	Demingian †		482 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10		Skullrockian				485.4
		Stage 10						487.5
		Jiangshanian						489.5
		Paibian						494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian						Series 3 †				497
		Drumian										500.5
		Wuliuan										Stage 5 †	504.5
																				509