PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
M. Kretzoi. 1942. Necroteuthis n. g. (Ceph. Dibr., Necroteuthidae N. F.) aus dem Oligozän von Budapest und das system der Dibranchiata. Földtani Közlöny 72:125-238 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
M. Harzhauser and W. E. Piller. 2004. Integrated stratigraphy of the Sarmatian (Upper Middle Miocene) in the western Central Paratethys. Stratigraphy 1(1):65-86 view
A. G. Sennikov and V. K. Golubev. 2006. Vyazniki Biotic Assemblage of the Terminal Permian. Paleontological Journal 40(suppl. 4):S475-S481 view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view
M. O. Woodburne. 1987. A prospectus of the North American Mammal Ages. In: Woodburne, M. O. (ed.), Cenozoic Mammals of North America. University of California Press, Berkelery, CA 285-290 view
J. Alroy. 2000. New methods for quantifying macroevolutionary patterns and processes. Paleobiology 26(4):707-733 view
J. Meng and M. C. McKenna. 1998. Faunal turnovers of Paleogene mammals from the Mongolian Plateau. Nature 394:364-367 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126973 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale					Ordovician of North America					Central Paratethys Stages	Permo-Triassic Subages of Eastern Europe	Ordovician of the Baltic				North American Mammal Subages/Zones			Paleogene Mammal Ages of Asia		Cenozoic Subepochs
Phanerozoic	Cenozoic	Quaternary	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene												Sheridanian					Late Pleistocene	0.0117
				Chibanian												Sheridanian					Middle Pleistocene	0.129
				Chibanian												Cudahyan/Sappan					Middle Pleistocene	0.21
				Calabrian												Cudahyan/Sappan					Early Pleistocene	0.774
				Calabrian												Senecan/Rexroadian						1.4
				Gelasian																		1.8
		Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian																	Late Pliocene	2.58
				Zanclean																	Early Pliocene	3.6
				Zanclean												Late Hemphillian/late Early Hemphillian/early Early Hemphillian					Early Pliocene	4.7
			Miocene	Messinian																	Late Miocene	5.333
				Tortonian						Pannonian												7.246
				Tortonian						Pannonian						Late Clarendonian/Early Clarendonian						9.4
				Serravallian						Sarmatian						Late Clarendonian/Early Clarendonian					Middle Miocene	11.63
										Sarmatian						late Late Barstovian/early Late Barstovian/Early Barstovian						12.5
										Badenian												12.8 *
				Langhian																		13.82
				Burdigalian																	Early Miocene	15.98
																Late Hemingfordian/Early Hemingfordian						16.3
																late Late Arikareean/early Late Arikareean/late Early Arikareean/early Early Arikareean	Harrisonian					18.5
				Aquitanian																		20.44
		Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian															Tabenbulakian	Hsandagolian	Late Oligocene	23.03
																	Monroecreekian					23.1 *
																	Geringian					24.7 *
				Rupelian													Geringian		Kekeamuan		Early Oligocene	27.82
				Rupelian															Kekeamuan		Early Oligocene	29.5
			Eocene	Priabonian												Late Chadronian/Middle Chadronian/Early Chadronian			Houldjinian/Ergilian/Ulangochuian		Late Eocene	33.9
				Priabonian															Houldjinian/Ergilian/Ulangochuian		Late Eocene	37
				Bartonian															Sharamurunian/Irdinmanhan/Arshantan		Middle Eocene	37.71
				Bartonian												Late Uintan/Early Uintan						39.7
				Lutetian												Late Uintan/Early Uintan						41.2
				Lutetian												Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian						46.2
				Ypresian												Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian				Bumbanian	Early Eocene	47.8
																Lostcabinian/Lysitean/Graybullian/Sandcouleean						50.5
																		Cf3/Cf2/Cf1				54.9
			Paleocene	Thanetian														Cf3/Cf2/Cf1	Gashatan		Late Paleocene	56
				Thanetian														Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1	Gashatan		Late Paleocene	56.2
				Selandian														Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1			Middle Paleocene	59.2
				Selandian														To3/To2/To1			Middle Paleocene	60.9
				Danian														To3/To2/To1			Early Paleocene	61.6
				Danian														Pu3/Pu2/Pu1			Early Paleocene	63.8
	Mesozoic	Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian																		66
				Campanian																		72.1
				Santonian																		83.6
				Coniacian																		86.3
				Turonian																		89.8
				Cenomanian																		93.9
			Early Cretaceous	Albian																		100.5
				Aptian																		113
				Barremian																		121.4
				Hauterivian																		125.77
				Valanginian																		132.6
				Berriasian																		139.8
		Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian																		145
				Kimmeridgian																		149.2
				Oxfordian																		154.8
			Middle Jurassic	Callovian																		161.5
				Bathonian																		165.3
				Bajocian																		168.2
				Aalenian																		170.9
			Early Jurassic	Toarcian																		174.7
				Pliensbachian																		184.2
				Sinemurian																		192.9
				Hettangian																		199.5
		Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian																		201.4
Norian				208.5
Carnian				227
Middle Triassic			Ladinian	237
Middle Triassic			Anisian	242
Early Triassic			Olenekian	Vokhmian	247.2
Early Triassic			Induan	Vokhmian	251.2
Paleozoic	Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian		251.902
		Lopingian	Wuchiapingian	Late Vyatkian/Early Vyatkian	254.14
		Guadalupian	Capitanian	Late Severodvinian/Early Severodvinian	259.51
			Wordian	Late Urzhumian/Early Urzhumian	264.28
			Roadian	Late Kazanian/Early Kazanian	266.9
		Cisuralian	Kungurian		273.01
			Artinskian		283.5
			Sakmarian		290.1
			Asselian		293.52
	Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian		298.9
			Kasimovian		303.7
			Moscovian		307
			Bashkirian		315.2
		Mississippian	Serpukhovian		323.2
			Visean		330.9
			Tournaisian		346.7
	Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian		358.9
		Late Devonian	Frasnian		372.2
		Middle Devonian	Givetian		382.7
		Middle Devonian	Eifelian		387.7
		Early Devonian	Emsian		393.3
			Pragian		407.6
			Lochkovian		410.8
	Silurian	Pridoli			Ohesaare	419.2
		Pridoli			Kaugetuma	421.7 *
		Ludlow	Ludfordian		Kuressaare	423
			Ludfordian		Paadla	423.4 *
			Gorstian		Paadla	425.6
		Wenlock	Homerian		Rootsikula	427.4
			Homerian		Jaagarahu	429.2 *
			Sheinwoodian		Jaagarahu	430.5
			Sheinwoodian		Jaani	431.8 *
		Llandovery	Telychian		Jaani	433.4
			Telychian		Adavere	434 *
			Aeronian		Adavere	438.5
			Aeronian		Raikkula	439.4 *
			Rhuddanian		Raikkula	440.8
			Rhuddanian		Juuru	441.4 *
	Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian		Cincinnatian	Gamachian	Harju	Porkuni	443.8
			Katian			Gamachian		Pirgu	445.2
						Richmondian		Pirgu	446 *
						Richmondian		Vormsi	449.6 *
						Maysvillian		Vormsi	Rocklandian †/Shermanian/Ashbyan/Kirkfieldian/Blackriveran/Wildernessian/Trentonian/Franklinian	449.8 *
						Maysvillian		Nabala		Johvi †	450 *
						Edenian		Nabala			450.4 *
						Edenian	Viru	Rakvere			450.6 *
					Mohawkian	Chatfieldian		Rakvere			451.1 *
								Oandu			452 *
			Sandbian					Keila		Idavere †	453
						Turinian		Keila			453.7 *
								Haljala			453.9
								Kukruse			456.4 *
					Whiterockian			Kukruse	Canadian †		Chazyan †/Marmor	457 *
								Uhaku		Aluoja †		457.5 *
		Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian					Uhaku				458.4
								Lasnamagi				458.9 *
								Aseri				460.4 *
							Oeland	Kunda				462.9 *
								Kunda		Valaste †/Hunderum		464.3 *
								Volkhov				Langevoja †/Vaana/Saka	467.1 *
			Dapingian										467.3
						Rangerian							469.1 *
						Rangerian		Billingen					469.3 *
		Early Ordovician	Floian		Ibexian	Blackhillsian					Jeffersonian †		Cassinian †	470
Latorp †												470.1 *
								Hunneberg				473.7 *
						Tulean						473.9 *
			Tremadocian			Tulean						Ungurian		477.7
						Stairsian								480.3 *
				Varangu		Stairsian		481.3 *
				Varangu		Skullrockian		Demingian †					482 *
				Pakerort				Demingian †					482.2 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10		Pakerort								Batyrbaian	485.4
													486.3 *
													486.5
													487.5
		Jiangshanian											489.5
												Aksaian	490.7 *
												Sakian	492.2 *
		Paibian										Sakian	494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian										Ayusokkanian	497
		Guzhangian											499.5
		Drumian										Zhanaarykian	500.5
		Drumian										Tuesaian	503
		Wuliuan										Tuesaian	504.5
		Wuliuan											505.3
	Series 2	Stage 4											509
												Toyonian	510 *
												Botomian	512.5 *
		Stage 3										Botomian	514
		Stage 3										Atdabanian	515.6 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2										Tommotian	521
		Stage 2											525.5
		Fortunian											529
Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran													Vendian †	Poundian †	538.8
Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran													Vendian †	Wonokan †	571.7 *
																						635