PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
M. Kretzoi. 1942. Necroteuthis n. g. (Ceph. Dibr., Necroteuthidae N. F.) aus dem Oligozän von Budapest und das system der Dibranchiata. Földtani Közlöny 72:125-238 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. F. Steininger, W. A. Berggren, D. V. Kent, R. L. Bernor, S. Sen and J. Agusti. 1996. Circum-Mediterranean Neogene (Miocene and Pliocene) marine-continental chronologic correlations of European mammal units. The Evolution of Western Eurasian Neogene Mammal Faunas (eds. R. L. Bernor, V. Fahlbusch, and H.-W. Mittmann) view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view
J. Meng and M. C. McKenna. 1998. Faunal turnovers of Paleogene mammals from the Mongolian Plateau. Nature 394:364-367 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126762 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Ordovician of North America					European Faunal Units	Cambrian of China		Silurian of the Baltic	Ordovician of the Baltic			Paleogene Mammal Ages of Asia		Cambrian of North America	Carboniferous of North America
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian						Villanyian											2.58
		Piacenzian						Ruscinian											3.1 *
		Zanclean						Ruscinian											3.6
	Miocene	Messinian						Turolian											5.333
		Tortonian						Turolian											7.246
		Tortonian						Vallesian											8.7
		Serravallian						Astaracian											11.63
		Langhian						Astaracian											13.82
		Burdigalian						Orleanian											15.98
		Burdigalian						Agenian											20
		Aquitanian						Agenian											20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian													Tabenbulakian	Hsandagolian			23.03
	Oligocene	Rupelian													Kekeamuan	Hsandagolian			27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian													Houldjinian/Ergilian/Ulangochuian				33.9
		Bartonian													Sharamurunian/Irdinmanhan/Arshantan				37.71
		Lutetian																	41.2
		Ypresian														Bumbanian			47.8
	Paleocene	Thanetian													Gashatan				56
		Selandian																	59.2
		Danian																	61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian																	66
		Campanian																	72.1
		Santonian																	83.6
		Coniacian																	86.3
		Turonian																	89.8
		Cenomanian																	93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian																	100.5
		Aptian																	113
		Barremian																	121.4
		Hauterivian																	125.77
		Valanginian																	132.6
		Berriasian																	139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian																	145
		Kimmeridgian																	149.2
		Oxfordian																	154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian																	161.5
		Bathonian																	165.3
		Bajocian																	168.2
		Aalenian																	170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian																	174.7
		Pliensbachian																	184.2
		Sinemurian																	192.9
		Hettangian																	199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian																	201.4
		Norian																	208.5
		Carnian																	227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian																	237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian																	242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian																	247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan																	251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian																	251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian																	254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian																	259.51
		Wordian																	264.28
		Roadian																	266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian																	273.01
		Artinskian																	283.5
		Sakmarian																	290.1
		Asselian																Bursumian †	293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian																Virgilian	298.9
		Kasimovian																Missourian	303.7
		Kasimovian																Desmoinesian	305.9 *
		Moscovian																Desmoinesian	307
		Moscovian																Atokan	312.7 *
		Bashkirian	315.2															Atokan
		Bashkirian	Morrowan	318.4 *
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian	Chesterian	323.2
		Visean	Chesterian	330.9
			Meramecian	335.8 *
			Osagean	343.1 *
		Tournaisian	Osagean	346.7
		Tournaisian	Kinderhookian	351.9 *
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian		Wocklum/Dasberg/Hemberg/Nehden	358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian		Adorf	372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian		Givetian	382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian		Eifelian	387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian		Emsian	393.3
		Pragian		Siegen	407.6
		Lochkovian		Gedinnine	410.8
Silurian	Pridoli			Ohesaare		419.2
	Pridoli			Kaugetuma		421.7 *
	Ludlow	Ludfordian		Kuressaare		423
		Ludfordian		Paadla		423.4 *
		Gorstian		Paadla		425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian		Rootsikula		427.4
		Homerian		Jaagarahu		429.2 *
		Sheinwoodian		Jaagarahu		430.5
		Sheinwoodian		Jaani		431.8 *
	Llandovery	Telychian		Jaani		433.4
		Telychian		Adavere		434 *
		Aeronian		Adavere		438.5
		Aeronian		Raikkula		439.4 *
		Rhuddanian		Raikkula		440.8
		Rhuddanian		Juuru		441.4 *
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian		Cincinnatian		Gamachian	Harju	Porkuni	443.8
		Katian				Gamachian		Pirgu	445.2
						Richmondian		Pirgu	446 *
						Richmondian		Vormsi	449.6 *
						Maysvillian		Vormsi	Rocklandian †/Shermanian/Ashbyan/Kirkfieldian/Blackriveran/Wildernessian/Trentonian/Franklinian	449.8 *
						Maysvillian		Nabala		Johvi †	450 *
						Edenian		Nabala			450.4 *
						Edenian	Viru	Rakvere			450.6 *
				Mohawkian		Chatfieldian		Rakvere			451.1 *
								Oandu			452 *
		Sandbian						Keila		Idavere †	453
						Turinian		Keila			453.7 *
								Haljala			453.9
								Kukruse			456.4 *
				Whiterockian				Kukruse	Canadian †		Chazyan †/Marmor	457 *
								Uhaku		Aluoja †		457.5 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian						Uhaku				458.4
								Lasnamagi				458.9 *
								Aseri				460.4 *
							Oeland	Kunda				462.9 *
								Kunda		Valaste †/Hunderum		464.3 *
								Volkhov				Langevoja †/Vaana/Saka	467.1 *
		Dapingian											467.3
						Rangerian							469.1 *
						Rangerian		Billingen					469.3 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian		Ibexian		Blackhillsian					Jeffersonian †		Cassinian †	470
										Latorp †				470.1 *
								Hunneberg						473.7 *
						Tulean								473.9 *
		Tremadocian				Tulean								477.7
						Stairsian								480.3 *
						Stairsian		Varangu						481.3 *
						Skullrockian		Varangu					Demingian †	482 *
								Pakerort					Demingian †	482.2 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10						Pakerort					Niuchehean	Taoyuanian †	Franconian †/Dresbachian/Millardan	485.4
																486.3 *
																486.5
																Sunwaptan	487.5
		Jiangshanian											Jiangshanian			Sunwaptan	489.5
		Jiangshanian											Jiangshanian			Steptoean	493 *
		Paibian											Paibian				494
		Paibian											Paibian	Waergangian †/Youshuanian			494.9 *
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian	Guzhangian										Wangcunian †	Marjumian	Albertian †	497
		Drumian	Drumian										Wangcunian †	Marjumian		500.5
		Wuliuan	Wuliuan/Taijangian											Topazan		504.5
		Wuliuan	Wuliuan/Taijangian											Delamaran		506.5
	Series 2	Stage 4	Duyunian											Delamaran	Waucoban †	509
		Stage 4	Duyunian											Dyeran		511 *
		Stage 3	Nangaoian											Dyeran		514
					Montezuman									514.8 *
					Begadean									519.9 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2	Meishucunian											521
		Fortunian	Meishucunian											529
		Fortunian	Jinnigian											530.7
																			538.8