PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
M. Kretzoi. 1942. Necroteuthis n. g. (Ceph. Dibr., Necroteuthidae N. F.) aus dem Oligozän von Budapest und das system der Dibranchiata. Földtani Közlöny 72:125-238 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view
F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 127083 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale					Ordovician of North America						Devonian Subages	Obsolete Precambrian Ages		Permian-Jurassic of New Zealand		Ordovician of the Baltic				Obsolete Names for ICS Units		Mesozoic Subages		Ten Million Year Bins	North American Land Mammal Ages
Phanerozoic	Cenozoic	Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan																				Cenozoic 6	Saintaugustinean	0
				Meghalayan																					Santarosean	0.0004
				Northgrippian																						0.0042
				Greenlandian																						0.0082
			Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene																						0.0117
				Late Pleistocene																					Rancholabrean	0.014
				Chibanian																					Rancholabrean	0.129
				Chibanian																					Irvingtonian	0.21
				Calabrian																					Irvingtonian	0.774
				Calabrian																					Blancan	1.4
				Gelasian																						1.8
		Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian																Tertiary †						2.58
				Zanclean																						3.6
				Zanclean																					Hemphillian	4.7
			Miocene	Messinian																						5.333
				Tortonian																						7.246
				Tortonian																					Clarendonian	9.4
				Serravallian																				Cenozoic 5	Clarendonian	11.63
				Serravallian																					Barstovian	12.5
				Langhian																						13.82
				Burdigalian																						15.98
																									Hemingfordian	16.3
																									Arikareean	18.5
				Aquitanian																						20.44
		Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian																				Cenozoic 4		23.03
				Rupelian																						27.82
																									Whitneyan	29.5
																									Orellan	31.8
			Eocene	Priabonian																				Cenozoic 3	Chadronian	33.9
				Priabonian																					Duchesnean	37
				Bartonian																					Duchesnean	37.71
				Bartonian																					Uintan	39.7
				Lutetian																				Cenozoic 2	Uintan	41.2
				Lutetian																					Bridgerian	46.2
				Ypresian																					Bridgerian	47.8
																									Wasatchian	50.5
																									Clarkforkian	54.9
			Paleocene	Thanetian																				Cenozoic 1	Clarkforkian	56
				Thanetian																					Tiffanian	56.2
				Selandian																					Tiffanian	59.2
				Selandian																					Torrejonian	60.9
				Danian																					Torrejonian	61.6
				Danian																					Puercan	63.8
	Mesozoic	Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian																		Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian		Cretaceous 8		66
				Campanian																		Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian		Cretaceous 7		72.1
				Santonian																		Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian		Cretaceous 6		83.6
				Coniacian																		Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian				86.3
				Turonian																		Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian				89.8
				Cenomanian																		Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian		Cretaceous 5		93.9
			Early Cretaceous	Albian																		Late Albian		Cretaceous 4		100.5
																						Middle Albian				106.2 *
																						Early Albian				109.9 *
				Aptian																		Late Aptian		Cretaceous 3		113
				Aptian																		Early Aptian		Cretaceous 3		119.5 *
				Barremian																		Late Barremian/Early Barremian		Cretaceous 2		121.4
				Hauterivian																		Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian		Cretaceous 2		125.77
				Valanginian																		Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian		Cretaceous 1		132.6
				Berriasian																		Late Berriasian				139.8
																						Middle Berriasian				140.6 *
																						Early Berriasian				142.7 *
		Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian										Oteke	Puaroan							Late Tithonian	Middle Tithonian	Jurassic 6		145
				Tithonian																		Early Tithonian	Middle Tithonian	Jurassic 6		146.3 *
				Kimmeridgian																		Late Kimmeridgian		Jurassic 5		149.2
														Kawhia	Ohauan							Late Kimmeridgian				150
Early Kimmeridgian					152.2 *										Ohauan
Early Kimmeridgian					Heterian	154.5
Oxfordian				Late Oxfordian		Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian	154.8
Oxfordian						Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian	157.9 *
Middle Jurassic			Callovian	Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian			161.5
			Callovian	Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian	Temaikan		164.3
			Bathonian	Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian			Jurassic 4	165.3
			Bajocian	Late Bajocian				168.2
			Bajocian	Early Bajocian				168.6 *
			Aalenian	Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian			Jurassic 3	170.9
Early Jurassic			Toarcian	Late Toarcian				174.7
				Late Toarcian	Herangi			Ururoan	176
				Middle Toarcian					180.4 *
				Early Toarcian					182.9 *
			Pliensbachian	Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian			Jurassic 2		184.2
			Pliensbachian	Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian			Jurassic 2	Aratauran	188.9
			Sinemurian	Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian			Jurassic 1		192.9
			Hettangian	Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian			Jurassic 1		199.5
Triassic		Late Triassic	Rhaetian	Balfour	Otapirian			Triassic 4	201.4
			Norian		Warepan		Sevatian		208.5
							Alaunian		213.2 *
							Lacian		216.7 *
					Otamitan				217
					Oretian				221
			Carnian		Oretian		Tuvalian	Triassic 3	227
				Gore	Kaihikuan		Tuvalian		227.5
							Julian		233.4 *
		Middle Triassic	Ladinian				Longobardian	Triassic 2	237
					Etalian		Longobardian		238
							Fassanian		239.7 *
			Anisian				Illyrian		242
							Pelsonian		243.8 *
							Bithynian		244.7 *
							Aegean		245.5 *
					Malakovian		Aegean		246
		Early Triassic	Olenekian				Spathian	Triassic 1	247.2
							Smithian		248.9 *
					Nelsonian		Smithian		249
			Induan				Dienerian		251.2
							Griesbachian		251.4 *
				DUrville	Makarewan		Griesbachian		251.5
Paleozoic	Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian		Makarewan			Permian 4	251.902
			Changhsingian		Waiitian				253.2
			Wuchiapingian		Waiitian				Longtanian †	254.14
			Wuchiapingian		Puruhauan				Longtanian †	254.2
		Guadalupian	Capitanian	Aparima	Flettian					259.51
			Wordian		Flettian					264.28
			Wordian		Barettian					266
			Roadian					Permian 3		266.9
		Cisuralian	Kungurian					Permian 2		273.01
			Kungurian		Mangapirian					276
			Artinskian		Mangapirian					283.5
					Telfordian					285
										288.5
			Sakmarian							290.1
			Asselian					Permian 1		293.52
	Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian					Carboniferous 5		298.9
			Kasimovian					Carboniferous 5		303.7
			Moscovian					Carboniferous 4		307
			Bashkirian					Carboniferous 4		315.2
		Mississippian	Serpukhovian					Carboniferous 3		323.2
			Visean					Carboniferous 2		330.9
			Tournaisian					Carboniferous 1		346.7
	Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian					Late Famennian		Wocklum/Dasberg/Hemberg/Nehden	Devonian 5	358.9
								Middle Famennian				365.3 *
								Early Famennian				368.5 *
			Frasnian					Late Frasnian		Adorf	Devonian 4	372.2
								Middle Frasnian				375.4 *
						Early Frasnian		379.3 *
		Middle Devonian	Givetian			Late Givetian		Givetian		Devonian 3	382.7
						Middle Givetian					383.7 *
						Early Givetian					385.9 *
			Eifelian			Late Eifelian		Eifelian			387.7
			Eifelian			Early Eifelian		Eifelian			390.3 *
		Early Devonian	Emsian			Late Emsian		Emsian		Devonian 2	393.3
			Emsian			Early Emsian		Emsian		Devonian 2	398.3 *
			Pragian			Pragian		Siegen		Devonian 1	407.6
			Lochkovian			Late Lochkovian		Gedinnine			410.8
						Middle Lochkovian					412.8 *
						Early Lochkovian					415.6 *
	Silurian	Pridoli								Silurian 2	419.2
		Ludlow	Ludfordian								423
		Ludlow	Gorstian								425.6
		Wenlock	Homerian								427.4
		Wenlock	Sheinwoodian								430.5
		Llandovery	Telychian							Silurian 1	433.4
			Aeronian								438.5
			Rhuddanian								440.8
	Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian							Cincinnatian	Gamachian	Harju	Porkuni	Ordovician 5	443.8
			Katian								Gamachian		Pirgu		445.2
											Richmondian		Pirgu		446 *
											Richmondian		Vormsi		449.6 *
											Maysvillian		Vormsi		Rocklandian †/Shermanian/Ashbyan/Kirkfieldian/Blackriveran/Wildernessian/Trentonian/Franklinian	449.8 *
											Maysvillian		Nabala			Johvi †	450 *
											Edenian		Nabala				450.4 *
											Edenian	Viru	Rakvere				450.6 *
										Mohawkian	Chatfieldian		Rakvere				451.1 *
													Oandu				452 *
			Sandbian										Keila	Idavere †		Ordovician 4	453
											Turinian		Keila				453.7 *
													Haljala				453.9
													Kukruse				456.4 *
										Whiterockian			Kukruse		Canadian †		Chazyan †/Marmor	457 *
													Uhaku	Aluoja †				457.5 *
		Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian										Uhaku			Ordovician 3		458.4
Lasnamagi							458.9 *
Aseri							460.4 *
Oeland							Kunda					462.9 *
							Kunda					Valaste †/Hunderum	464.3 *
							Volkhov		Langevoja †/Vaana/Saka				467.1 *
			Dapingian										Ordovician 2	467.3
											Rangerian			469.1 *
							Billingen				Rangerian			469.3 *
		Early Ordovician	Floian							Ibexian	Blackhillsian			Jeffersonian †		Cassinian †	470
									Latorp †								470.1 *
							Hunneberg										473.7 *
											Tulean						473.9 *
			Tremadocian	Ordovician 1	477.7						Tulean
					Stairsian						480.3 *
					Stairsian		Varangu				481.3 *
					Skullrockian		Varangu				Demingian †		482 *
							Pakerort				Demingian †		482.2 *
	Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10				Pakerort							Cambrian 5	485.4
															486.3 *
															486.5
															487.5
			Jiangshanian												489.5
			Paibian												494
		Miaolingian	Guzhangian											Series 3 †	Cambrian 4	497
			Drumian												Cambrian 4	500.5
			Wuliuan												Stage 5 †	Cambrian 3	504.5
		Series 2	Stage 4													Cambrian 3	509
		Series 2	Stage 3													Cambrian 2	514
		Terreneuvian	Stage 2													Cambrian 2	521
		Terreneuvian	Fortunian													Cambrian 1	529
	Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran															Vendian †	Poundian †		538.8
	Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran															Vendian †	Wonokan †		571.7 *
																										635