PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
M. Kretzoi. 1942. Necroteuthis n. g. (Ceph. Dibr., Necroteuthidae N. F.) aus dem Oligozän von Budapest und das system der Dibranchiata. Földtani Közlöny 72:125-238 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
J. Meng and M. C. McKenna. 1998. Faunal turnovers of Paleogene mammals from the Mongolian Plateau. Nature 394:364-367 view
F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
D. H. Erwin and S. A. Bowring. 2004. Cambrian time scale. view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126884 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale					Ordovician of North America						Precambrian of Russia	Ammonite Chrons of Northwest Europe		Paleogene Mammal Ages of Asia		Mesozoic Subages
Phanerozoic	Cenozoic	Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian										Tabenbulakian	Hsandagolian			23.03
			Oligocene	Rupelian										Kekeamuan	Hsandagolian			27.82
			Eocene	Priabonian										Houldjinian/Ergilian/Ulangochuian				33.9
				Bartonian										Sharamurunian/Irdinmanhan/Arshantan				37.71
				Lutetian														41.2
				Ypresian											Bumbanian			47.8
			Paleocene	Thanetian										Gashatan				56
				Selandian														59.2
				Danian														61.6
	Mesozoic	Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian												Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian		66
				Campanian												Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian		72.1
				Santonian												Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian		83.6
				Coniacian												Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian		86.3
				Turonian												Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian		89.8
				Cenomanian												Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian		93.9
			Early Cretaceous	Albian												Late Albian		100.5
																Middle Albian		106.2 *
																Early Albian		109.9 *
				Aptian												Late Aptian		113
				Aptian												Early Aptian		119.5 *
				Barremian												Late Barremian/Early Barremian		121.4
				Hauterivian												Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian		125.77
				Valanginian												Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian		132.6
				Berriasian												Late Berriasian		139.8
																Middle Berriasian		140.6 *
																Early Berriasian		142.7 *
		Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian												Late Tithonian	Middle Tithonian	145
				Tithonian												Early Tithonian	Middle Tithonian	146.3 *
				Kimmeridgian												Late Kimmeridgian		149.2
				Kimmeridgian												Early Kimmeridgian		152.2 *
				Oxfordian												Late Oxfordian	Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian	154.8
				Oxfordian													Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian	157.9 *
			Middle Jurassic	Callovian												Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian		161.5
				Bathonian												Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian		165.3
				Bajocian								Parkinsoni/Garantiana/Subfurcatum/Sauzei/Laeviuscula/Discites				Late Bajocian		168.2
													Humphresianum			Late Bajocian		168.4
													Humphresianum			Early Bajocian		168.6 *
				Aalenian								Concavum/Murchisonae/Opalinum				Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian		170.9
			Early Jurassic	Toarcian								Levesquei/Variabilis/Bifrons	Thouarsense			Late Toarcian		174.7
																Late Toarcian		180.1
																Middle Toarcian		180.4 *
												Serpentinum/Falciferum/Tenuicostatum				Middle Toarcian		182
												Serpentinum/Falciferum/Tenuicostatum				Early Toarcian		182.9 *
				Pliensbachian								Spinatum/Margaritatus/Davoei/Ibex/Jamesoni				Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian		184.2
				Sinemurian								Raricostatum/Oxynotum/Obtusum/Turneri/Semicostatum/Bucklandi				Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian		192.9
				Hettangian								Angulata/Liasicus/Planorbis				Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian		199.5
		Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian														201.4
				Norian												Sevatian		208.5
																Alaunian		213.2 *
																Lacian		216.7 *
				Carnian												Tuvalian		227
				Carnian												Julian		233.4 *
			Middle Triassic	Ladinian												Longobardian		237
				Ladinian												Fassanian		239.7 *
				Anisian												Illyrian		242
																Pelsonian		243.8 *
																Bithynian		244.7 *
																Aegean		245.5 *
			Early Triassic	Olenekian												Spathian		247.2
				Olenekian												Smithian		248.9 *
				Induan												Dienerian		251.2
				Induan												Griesbachian		251.4 *
	Paleozoic	Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian														251.902
			Lopingian	Wuchiapingian														254.14
Guadalupian			Capitanian	259.51
			Wordian	264.28
			Roadian	266.9
Cisuralian			Kungurian	273.01
			Artinskian	283.5
			Sakmarian	290.1
			Asselian	293.52
Carboniferous		Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian	Late Pennsylvanian	298.9
			Gzhelian		Xiaodushanian	300 *
			Kasimovian		Xiaodushanian	303.7
			Kasimovian		Dalaun	305.8 *
			Moscovian	Middle Pennsylvanian		307
			Bashkirian	Early Pennsylvanian		315.2
					Huashibanian	318.5 *
					Lousuan	321.2 *
		Mississippian	Serpukhovian	Late Mississippian	Dewunian	323.2
			Serpukhovian	Late Mississippian	Shangsian	330.8 *
			Visean	Middle Mississippian	Shangsian	330.9
			Visean	Middle Mississippian	Jiusian	335 *
			Tournaisian	Early Mississippian	Tangbagouan	346.7
Devonian		Late Devonian	Famennian			358.9
		Late Devonian	Frasnian			372.2
		Middle Devonian	Givetian			Srbsko	382.7
		Middle Devonian	Eifelian			Chotec	387.7
		Early Devonian	Emsian			Daleje/Zlichovian	393.3
			Pragian			Pragian	407.6
			Lochkovian			Lochkovian	410.8
Silurian		Pridoli					419.2
		Ludlow	Ludfordian				423
		Ludlow	Gorstian				425.6
		Wenlock	Homerian				427.4
		Wenlock	Sheinwoodian				430.5
		Llandovery	Telychian				433.4
			Aeronian				438.5
			Rhuddanian				440.8
Ordovician		Late Ordovician	Hirnantian				Cincinnatian	Gamachian	443.8
			Katian					Gamachian	445.2
								Richmondian	446 *
								Maysvillian	Rocklandian †/Shermanian/Ashbyan/Kirkfieldian/Blackriveran/Wildernessian/Trentonian/Franklinian	449.8 *
								Edenian		450.4 *
							Mohawkian	Chatfieldian		451.1 *
			Sandbian					Chatfieldian		453
								Turinian		453.7 *
							Whiterockian		Canadian †	Chazyan †/Marmor	457 *
		Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian								458.4
			Dapingian								467.3
			Dapingian					Rangerian			469.1 *
		Early Ordovician	Floian				Ibexian	Blackhillsian		Jeffersonian †	Cassinian †	470
			Floian					Tulean				473.9 *
			Tremadocian					Tulean				477.7
								Stairsian				480.3 *
								Skullrockian			Demingian †	482 *
											Demingian †	Mansian †	483.55 *
Cambrian		Furongian	Stage 10									Batyrbaian	Tavgian †	Ketyan †/Yurakian	485.4
			Stage 10												487.5
			Jiangshanian												489.5
												Aksaian			490.7 *
												Sakian			492.2 *
			Paibian												494
			Paibian											Ensyan †/Maduan/Nganasanian	494.7 *
		Miaolingian	Guzhangian									Ayusokkanian			497
			Guzhangian									Mayan/Menevian			499.5
	Drumian		500.5									Mayan/Menevian
	Wuliuan		Amgan/Solvan									504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4	Amgan/Solvan									509
			Toyonian									Lenian †	510 *
			Botomian										512.5 *
		Stage 3	Botomian										514
		Stage 3	Atdabanian										515.6 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2	Tommotian										521
		Stage 2	Nemakit-Daldynian										525.5
		Fortunian	Nemakit-Daldynian									Manykaian †	529
Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran											Vendian				538.8
		Cryogenian															635
		Tonian															720
		Tonian											Karatau				800
	Mesoproterozoic	Stenian											Karatau				1000
		Stenian											Yurmatian				1100
		Ectasian											Yurmatian				1200
		Ectasian											Burzyan				1375
																		1400