PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
M. Kretzoi. 1942. Necroteuthis n. g. (Ceph. Dibr., Necroteuthidae N. F.) aus dem Oligozän von Budapest und das system der Dibranchiata. Földtani Közlöny 72:125-238 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view
M. Harzhauser and W. E. Piller. 2004. Integrated stratigraphy of the Sarmatian (Upper Middle Miocene) in the western Central Paratethys. Stratigraphy 1(1):65-86 view
F. F. Steininger, W. A. Berggren, D. V. Kent, R. L. Bernor, S. Sen and J. Agusti. 1996. Circum-Mediterranean Neogene (Miocene and Pliocene) marine-continental chronologic correlations of European mammal units. The Evolution of Western Eurasian Neogene Mammal Faunas (eds. R. L. Bernor, V. Fahlbusch, and H.-W. Mittmann) view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 127777 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Ordovician of North America					Cenozoic Subepochs	North American Land Mammal Ages	Cambrian of West Avalonia	Ordovician of the Baltic				Carboniferous of North America	Silurian of England	Central Paratethys Stages	European Faunal Units
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan							Saintaugustinean										0
		Meghalayan							Santarosean										0.0004
		Northgrippian																	0.0042
		Greenlandian																	0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene						Late Pleistocene											0.0117
		Late Pleistocene						Late Pleistocene	Rancholabrean										0.014
		Chibanian						Middle Pleistocene	Rancholabrean										0.129
		Chibanian						Middle Pleistocene	Irvingtonian										0.21
		Calabrian						Early Pleistocene	Irvingtonian										0.774
		Calabrian							Blancan										1.4
		Gelasian																	1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian						Late Pliocene										Villanyian	2.58
		Piacenzian						Late Pliocene										Ruscinian	3.1 *
		Zanclean						Early Pliocene											3.6
		Zanclean						Early Pliocene	Hemphillian										4.7
	Miocene	Messinian						Late Miocene										Turolian	5.333
		Tortonian															Pannonian	Turolian	7.246
																		Vallesian	8.7
									Clarendonian									Vallesian	9.4
		Serravallian						Middle Miocene	Clarendonian								Sarmatian	Astaracian	11.63
									Barstovian								Sarmatian		12.5
																	Badenian		12.8 *
		Langhian																	13.82
		Burdigalian						Early Miocene										Orleanian	15.98
									Hemingfordian										16.3
									Arikareean										18.5
																		Agenian	20
		Aquitanian																Agenian	20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian						Late Oligocene											23.03
		Rupelian						Early Oligocene											27.82
									Whitneyan										29.5
									Orellan										31.8
	Eocene	Priabonian						Late Eocene	Chadronian										33.9
		Priabonian						Late Eocene	Duchesnean										37
		Bartonian						Middle Eocene	Duchesnean										37.71
		Bartonian							Uintan										39.7
		Lutetian							Uintan										41.2
		Lutetian							Bridgerian										46.2
		Ypresian						Early Eocene	Bridgerian										47.8
									Wasatchian										50.5
									Clarkforkian										54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian						Late Paleocene	Clarkforkian										56
		Thanetian						Late Paleocene	Tiffanian										56.2
		Selandian						Middle Paleocene	Tiffanian										59.2
		Selandian						Middle Paleocene	Torrejonian										60.9
		Danian						Early Paleocene	Torrejonian										61.6
		Danian						Early Paleocene	Puercan										63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian																	66
		Campanian																	72.1
		Santonian																	83.6
		Coniacian																	86.3
		Turonian																	89.8
		Cenomanian																	93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian																	100.5
		Aptian																	113
		Barremian																	121.4
		Hauterivian																	125.77
		Valanginian																	132.6
		Berriasian																	139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian																	145
		Kimmeridgian																	149.2
		Oxfordian																	154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian																	161.5
		Bathonian																	165.3
		Bajocian	168.2
		Aalenian	170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian	174.7
		Pliensbachian	184.2
		Sinemurian	192.9
		Hettangian	199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian	201.4
		Norian	208.5
		Carnian	227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian	237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian	242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian	247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan	251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian	251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian	254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian	259.51
		Wordian	264.28
		Roadian	266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian	273.01
		Artinskian	283.5
		Sakmarian	290.1
		Asselian	Bursumian †	293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian	Virgilian	298.9
		Kasimovian	Missourian	303.7
		Kasimovian	Desmoinesian	305.9 *
		Moscovian	Desmoinesian	307
		Moscovian	Atokan	312.7 *
		Bashkirian	Atokan	315.2
		Bashkirian	Morrowan	318.4 *
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian	Chesterian	323.2
		Visean	Chesterian	330.9
			Meramecian	335.8 *
			Osagean	343.1 *
		Tournaisian	Osagean	346.7
		Tournaisian	Kinderhookian	351.9 *
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian		Wocklum/Dasberg/Hemberg/Nehden	358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian		Adorf	372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian		Givetian	382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian		Eifelian	387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian		Emsian	393.3
		Pragian		Siegen	407.6
		Lochkovian		Gedinnine	410.8
Silurian	Pridoli			Red Downtonian/Temeside Shales/Downton Castle	Whitcliffe/Leintwardine	419.2
	Pridoli			Red Downtonian/Temeside Shales/Downton Castle	Bringewood/Elton	421.3
	Ludlow	Ludfordian		Coalbrookdale	Wenlock (England)/Tickwood	423
		Gorstian				425.6
		Gorstian			Buildwas	426.4 *
	Wenlock	Homerian			Buildwas	427.4
		Homerian		Wych	Woolhope	428.4 *
		Sheinwoodian				430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian				433.4
		Telychian				436.3 *
		Aeronian				438.5
		Aeronian		Cowleigh Park		439.3 *
		Rhuddanian		Cowleigh Park		440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian		Cincinnatian		Gamachian	Harju	Porkuni		443.8
		Katian				Gamachian		Pirgu		445.2
						Richmondian		Pirgu		446 *
						Richmondian		Vormsi		449.6 *
						Maysvillian		Vormsi		Rocklandian †/Shermanian/Ashbyan/Kirkfieldian/Blackriveran/Wildernessian/Trentonian/Franklinian	449.8 *
						Maysvillian		Nabala			Johvi †	450 *
						Edenian		Nabala				450.4 *
						Edenian	Viru	Rakvere				450.6 *
				Mohawkian		Chatfieldian		Rakvere				451.1 *
								Oandu				452 *
		Sandbian						Keila			Idavere †	453
						Turinian		Keila				453.7 *
								Haljala				453.9
								Kukruse				456.4 *
				Whiterockian				Kukruse		Canadian †		Chazyan †/Marmor	457 *
								Uhaku			Aluoja †		457.5 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian						Uhaku					458.4
								Lasnamagi					458.9 *
								Aseri					460.4 *
							Oeland	Kunda					462.9 *
								Kunda			Valaste †/Hunderum		464.3 *
								Volkhov					Langevoja †/Vaana/Saka	467.1 *
		Dapingian												467.3
						Rangerian								469.1 *
						Rangerian		Billingen						469.3 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian		Ibexian		Blackhillsian						Jeffersonian †		Cassinian †	470
											Latorp †				470.1 *
								Hunneberg							473.7 *
						Tulean									473.9 *
		Tremadocian				Tulean									477.7
						Stairsian									480.3 *
						Stairsian		Varangu							481.3 *
						Skullrockian		Varangu						Demingian †	482 *
								Pakerort						Demingian †	482.2 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10						Pakerort							485.4
															486.3 *
															486.5
															487.5
		Jiangshanian													489.5
		Paibian													494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian													497
		Guzhangian													Arcadian	498.4
		Drumian														500.5
		Wuliuan														504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4	Branchian												509
		Stage 3	Branchian												514
		Stage 3	Placentian												517.1
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2													521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian													529
																			538.8