PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
M. Kretzoi. 1942. Necroteuthis n. g. (Ceph. Dibr., Necroteuthidae N. F.) aus dem Oligozän von Budapest und das system der Dibranchiata. Földtani Közlöny 72:125-238 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
M. Harzhauser and W. E. Piller. 2004. Integrated stratigraphy of the Sarmatian (Upper Middle Miocene) in the western Central Paratethys. Stratigraphy 1(1):65-86 view
A. G. Sennikov and V. K. Golubev. 2006. Vyazniki Biotic Assemblage of the Terminal Permian. Paleontological Journal 40(suppl. 4):S475-S481 view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126973 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Ordovician of North America						Cenozoic Subepochs	Central Paratethys Stages	Ordovician of Australia	North American Land Mammal Ages
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan										Saintaugustinean	0
		Meghalayan										Santarosean	0.0004
		Northgrippian											0.0042
		Greenlandian											0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene							Late Pleistocene				0.0117
		Late Pleistocene							Late Pleistocene			Rancholabrean	0.014
		Chibanian							Middle Pleistocene			Rancholabrean	0.129
		Chibanian							Middle Pleistocene			Irvingtonian	0.21
		Calabrian							Early Pleistocene			Irvingtonian	0.774
		Calabrian										Blancan	1.4
		Gelasian											1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian							Late Pliocene				2.58
		Zanclean							Early Pliocene				3.6
		Zanclean							Early Pliocene			Hemphillian	4.7
	Miocene	Messinian							Late Miocene				5.333
		Tortonian								Pannonian			7.246
		Tortonian								Pannonian		Clarendonian	9.4
		Serravallian							Middle Miocene	Sarmatian		Clarendonian	11.63
										Sarmatian		Barstovian	12.5
										Badenian			12.8 *
		Langhian											13.82
		Burdigalian							Early Miocene				15.98
												Hemingfordian	16.3
												Arikareean	18.5
		Aquitanian											20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian							Late Oligocene				23.03
		Rupelian							Early Oligocene				27.82
												Whitneyan	29.5
												Orellan	31.8
	Eocene	Priabonian							Late Eocene			Chadronian	33.9
		Priabonian							Late Eocene			Duchesnean	37
		Bartonian							Middle Eocene			Duchesnean	37.71
		Bartonian										Uintan	39.7
		Lutetian										Uintan	41.2
		Lutetian										Bridgerian	46.2
		Ypresian							Early Eocene			Bridgerian	47.8
												Wasatchian	50.5
												Clarkforkian	54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian							Late Paleocene			Clarkforkian	56
		Thanetian							Late Paleocene			Tiffanian	56.2
		Selandian							Middle Paleocene			Tiffanian	59.2
		Selandian							Middle Paleocene			Torrejonian	60.9
		Danian							Early Paleocene			Torrejonian	61.6
		Danian							Early Paleocene			Puercan	63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian											66
		Campanian											72.1
		Santonian											83.6
		Coniacian											86.3
		Turonian											89.8
		Cenomanian											93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian											100.5
		Aptian											113
		Barremian											121.4
		Hauterivian											125.77
		Valanginian											132.6
		Berriasian											139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian											145
		Kimmeridgian											149.2
		Oxfordian											154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian											161.5
		Bathonian											165.3
		Bajocian											168.2
		Aalenian											170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian											174.7
		Pliensbachian	184.2
		Sinemurian	192.9
		Hettangian	199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian	201.4
		Norian	208.5
		Carnian	227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian	237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian	242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian	Vokhmian	247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan	Vokhmian	251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian		251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian	Late Vyatkian/Early Vyatkian	254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian	Late Severodvinian/Early Severodvinian	259.51
		Wordian	Late Urzhumian/Early Urzhumian	264.28
		Roadian	Late Kazanian/Early Kazanian	266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian		273.01
		Artinskian		283.5
		Sakmarian		290.1
		Asselian		293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian		298.9
		Kasimovian		303.7
		Moscovian		307
		Bashkirian		315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian		323.2
		Visean		330.9
		Tournaisian		346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian		358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian		372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian		Srbsko	382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian		Chotec	387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian		Daleje/Zlichovian	393.3
		Pragian		Pragian	407.6
		Lochkovian		Lochkovian	410.8
Silurian	Pridoli				419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian			423
	Ludlow	Gorstian			425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian			427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian			430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian			433.4
		Aeronian			438.5
		Rhuddanian			440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian			Cincinnatian	Gamachian	Bolindian	443.8
		Katian				Gamachian		445.2
						Richmondian		446 *
						Richmondian	Eastonian	449 *
						Maysvillian		Rocklandian †/Shermanian/Ashbyan/Kirkfieldian/Blackriveran/Wildernessian/Trentonian/Franklinian	449.8 *
						Edenian			450.4 *
					Mohawkian	Chatfieldian			451.1 *
							Gisbornian		452 *
		Sandbian							453
						Turinian			453.7 *
					Whiterockian			Canadian †	Chazyan †/Marmor	457 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian					Darriwilian			458.4
		Dapingian					Yapeenian			467.3
							Castlemainian			468.5 *
						Rangerian	Castlemainian			469.1 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian			Ibexian	Blackhillsian	Jeffersonian †		Cassinian †	Chewtonian	470
										Bendigonian	471.8 *
										Lancefieldian	473.5 *
						Tulean					473.9 *
		Tremadocian				Tulean					477.7
						Stairsian					480.3 *
						Skullrockian			Demingian †		482 *
									Demingian †	Warendian	482.8 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10									485.4
													487.5