PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
M. Kretzoi. 1942. Necroteuthis n. g. (Ceph. Dibr., Necroteuthidae N. F.) aus dem Oligozän von Budapest und das system der Dibranchiata. Földtani Közlöny 72:125-238 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 127017 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Ordovician of North America						Cenozoic Subepochs	Cambrian of Britain		Ordovician of Ibero-Bohemia				Ammonite Chrons of North America			Obsolete Names for ICS Units	Permian of the Salt Range
Quaternary	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene							Late Pleistocene												0.0117
		Chibanian							Middle Pleistocene												0.129
		Calabrian							Early Pleistocene												0.774
		Gelasian							Early Pleistocene												1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian							Late Pliocene										Tertiary †		2.58
	Pliocene	Zanclean							Early Pliocene												3.6
	Miocene	Messinian							Late Miocene												5.333
		Tortonian							Late Miocene												7.246
		Serravallian							Middle Miocene												11.63
		Langhian							Middle Miocene												13.82
		Burdigalian							Early Miocene												15.98
		Aquitanian							Early Miocene												20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian							Late Oligocene												23.03
	Oligocene	Rupelian							Early Oligocene												27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian							Late Eocene												33.9
		Bartonian							Middle Eocene												37.71
		Lutetian							Middle Eocene												41.2
		Ypresian							Early Eocene												47.8
	Paleocene	Thanetian							Late Paleocene												56
		Selandian							Middle Paleocene												59.2
		Danian							Early Paleocene												61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian																			66
		Campanian																			72.1
		Santonian																			83.6
		Coniacian																			86.3
		Turonian																			89.8
		Cenomanian																			93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian																			100.5
		Aptian																			113
		Barremian																			121.4
		Hauterivian																			125.77
		Valanginian																			132.6
		Berriasian																			139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian																			145
		Kimmeridgian																			149.2
		Oxfordian																			154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian																			161.5
		Bathonian																			165.3
		Bajocian														Epizigzagiceras					168.2
		Bajocian														Rotundum/Oblatum/Kirschneri/Crassicostatus/Widebayense					168.4
		Aalenian														Howelli/Scissum/Westermanni					170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian														Yakounensis/Hillebrandti/Crassicosta					174.7
																Planulata					179.3 *
																Planulata		Arnioceras arnouldi			179.8 *
																Kanense					181.3 *
																Carlottense					182.3 *
																Kunae					183.5 *
		Pliensbachian														Kunae					184.2
																Freboldi					185.1 *
																Whiteavesi/Imlayi	Tetraspidoceras				186.2 *
																	Tetraspidoceras				189.2 *
																Plesechioceras harbledownense/Asteroceras varians/Coroniceras	Canadensis				190.3 *
		Sinemurian																			192.9
																Pseudaetomoceras		Psiloceras			196.4 *
																Franziceras/Euphyllites					196.5 *
		Hettangian														Franziceras/Euphyllites					199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian																			201.4
		Norian																			208.5
		Carnian																			227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian																			237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian																			242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian																			247.2
		Induan																			251.2
		Induan																		Kathwai	251.5 *
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian	251.902																	Kathwai
				252.4 *
			Chhidru	252.9 *
		Wuchiapingian	Chhidru	Longtanian †	254.14
			Kalabagh		255 *
			Wargal		256 *
	Guadalupian	Capitanian			259.51
		Wordian			264.28
					265.3 *
			Amb		266.1 *
		Roadian	Amb		266.9
		Roadian			270.7 *
	Cisuralian	Kungurian			273.01
		Artinskian			283.5
		Sakmarian			290.1
		Asselian			293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian			298.9
		Kasimovian			303.7
		Moscovian			307
		Bashkirian			315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian			323.2
		Visean			330.9
		Tournaisian			346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian			358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian			372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian			382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian			387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian			393.3
		Pragian			407.6
		Lochkovian			410.8
Silurian	Pridoli				419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian			423
	Ludlow	Gorstian			425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian			Gleedonian	427.4
		Homerian			Whitwellian	429.7 *
		Sheinwoodian				430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian				433.4
		Aeronian				438.5
		Rhuddanian				440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian				Cincinnatian	Gamachian	Kosovian	443.8
		Katian					Gamachian	Kralodvorian	Bohdalec †	445.2
							Richmondian	Kralodvorian		446 *
							Richmondian	Berounian		449.7 *
							Maysvillian			Rocklandian †/Shermanian/Ashbyan/Kirkfieldian/Blackriveran/Wildernessian/Trentonian/Franklinian	449.8 *
							Edenian				450.4 *
						Mohawkian	Chatfieldian				451.1 *
		Sandbian					Chatfieldian				453
							Turinian				453.7 *
							Turinian				Zahorany †/Vinice	Letna †	456.2 *
						Whiterockian				Canadian †	Zahorany †/Vinice		Chazyan †/Marmor	457 *
									Liben †					458 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian												458.4
								Dobrotivian						458.5 *
								Oretanian						459.7 *
									Sarka †					461.7 *
		Dapingian							Klabava †					467.3
								Arenigian						468
							Rangerian							469.1 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian				Ibexian	Blackhillsian						Jeffersonian †	Cassinian †	470
		Floian					Tulean								473.9 *
		Tremadocian					Tulean	Tremadocian							477.7
							Stairsian								480.3 *
							Skullrockian							Demingian †	482 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10					Skullrockian							Merioneth	Dolgellian/Trempealeauan		485.4
															Dolgellian/Trempealeauan		487.5
															Festiniogian		489.2 *
		Jiangshanian													Festiniogian		489.5
		Jiangshanian													Maentwrogian		493.1 *
		Paibian													Maentwrogian		494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian												St Davids			Series 3 †	497
		Drumian		500.5
		Wuliuan		Stage 5 †														504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4		Caerfai														509
	Series 2	Stage 3																514
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2																521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian	529
																					538.8