PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
M. Kretzoi. 1942. Necroteuthis n. g. (Ceph. Dibr., Necroteuthidae N. F.) aus dem Oligozän von Budapest und das system der Dibranchiata. Földtani Közlöny 72:125-238 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. F. Steininger, W. A. Berggren, D. V. Kent, R. L. Bernor, S. Sen and J. Agusti. 1996. Circum-Mediterranean Neogene (Miocene and Pliocene) marine-continental chronologic correlations of European mammal units. The Evolution of Western Eurasian Neogene Mammal Faunas (eds. R. L. Bernor, V. Fahlbusch, and H.-W. Mittmann) view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
Z.-X. Qiu and Z.-D. Qiu. 1995. Chronological sequence and subdivision of Chinese Neogene mammalian faunas. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 116(1-2):41-70 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126973 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Ordovician of North America						Cambrian of Britain		Permian of China	European Faunal Zones	Permian Subages of Germany	Cenozoic Subepochs	Neogene Mammal Ages of China
Quaternary	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene												Late Pleistocene	Nihewanian	0.0117
		Chibanian												Middle Pleistocene		0.129
		Calabrian												Early Pleistocene		0.774
		Gelasian										MN 17		Early Pleistocene		1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian										MN 16		Late Pliocene	Yushean	2.58
		Piacenzian										MN 15		Late Pliocene		3.2
		Zanclean										MN 15		Early Pliocene		3.6
												MN 14				4.2
												MN 13			Baodean	4.9
	Miocene	Messinian										MN 13		Late Miocene		5.333
		Tortonian										MN 12				7.246
												MN 11				7.75
												MN 10				8.7
												MN 9				9.7
												MN 7 + 8			Tunggurian	11.1
		Serravallian										MN 7 + 8		Middle Miocene		11.63
		Serravallian										MN 6				12.8 *
		Langhian										MN 5			Shanwangian	13.82
		Burdigalian										MN 4		Early Miocene	Shanwangian	15.98
												MN 3			Xiejiaan	16.9
												MN 2				20
		Aquitanian										MN 2				20.44
		Aquitanian										MN 1				22.4
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian												Late Oligocene		23.03
	Oligocene	Rupelian												Early Oligocene		27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian												Late Eocene		33.9
		Bartonian												Middle Eocene		37.71
		Lutetian												Middle Eocene		41.2
		Ypresian												Early Eocene		47.8
	Paleocene	Thanetian												Late Paleocene		56
		Selandian												Middle Paleocene		59.2
		Danian												Early Paleocene		61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian														66
		Campanian														72.1
		Santonian														83.6
		Coniacian														86.3
		Turonian														89.8
		Cenomanian														93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian														100.5
		Aptian														113
		Barremian														121.4
		Hauterivian														125.77
		Valanginian														132.6
		Berriasian														139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian														145
		Kimmeridgian														149.2
		Oxfordian														154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian														161.5
		Bathonian														165.3
		Bajocian														168.2
		Aalenian														170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian														174.7
		Pliensbachian														184.2
		Sinemurian														192.9
		Hettangian														199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian														201.4
		Norian														208.5
		Carnian														227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian														237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian														242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian														247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan														251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian									Meishanian		Buntsandstein			251.902
		Changhsingian									Baoqingian					253.4 *
		Wuchiapingian	Laoshanian	254.14
		Wuchiapingian	Laibinian	257.7 *
	Guadalupian	Capitanian	Lengwuan	Ohre/Aller	259.51
		Wordian	Kuhfengian	Leine	264.28
		Roadian	Kuhfengian		266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian	Luodianian		273.01
		Artinskian	Luodianian		283.5
		Artinskian	Longlinian		285.4 *
		Sakmarian	Longlinian		290.1
		Asselian	Zisongian		293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian	Zisongian		298.9
		Gzhelian			300.1
		Kasimovian			303.7
		Moscovian			307
		Bashkirian			315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian			323.2
		Visean			330.9
		Tournaisian			346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian			358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian			372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian			382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian			387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian			393.3
		Pragian			407.6
		Lochkovian			410.8
Silurian	Pridoli				419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian			423
	Ludlow	Gorstian			425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian			427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian			430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian			433.4
		Aeronian			438.5
		Rhuddanian			440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian			Cincinnatian	Gamachian	443.8
		Katian				Gamachian	445.2
						Richmondian	446 *
						Maysvillian	Rocklandian †/Shermanian/Ashbyan/Kirkfieldian/Blackriveran/Wildernessian/Trentonian/Franklinian	449.8 *
						Edenian		450.4 *
					Mohawkian	Chatfieldian		451.1 *
		Sandbian				Chatfieldian		453
						Turinian		453.7 *
					Whiterockian		Canadian †	Chazyan †/Marmor	457 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian							458.4
		Dapingian							467.3
		Dapingian				Rangerian			469.1 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian			Ibexian	Blackhillsian		Jeffersonian †	Cassinian †	470
		Floian				Tulean				473.9 *
		Tremadocian				Tulean				477.7
						Stairsian				480.3 *
						Skullrockian			Demingian †	482 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10				Skullrockian				Merioneth	Dolgellian/Trempealeauan	Franconian †/Dresbachian/Millardan	485.4
											Dolgellian/Trempealeauan		Sunwaptan	487.5
											Festiniogian			489.2 *
		Jiangshanian												489.5
													Steptoean	493 *
											Maentwrogian			493.1 *
		Paibian									Maentwrogian			494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian								St Davids		Marjumian	Albertian †	497
		Drumian										Marjumian		500.5
		Wuliuan										Topazan		504.5
		Wuliuan										Delamaran		506.5
	Series 2	Stage 4								Caerfai		Delamaran	Waucoban †	509
		Stage 4										Dyeran		511 *
		Stage 3										Dyeran		514
												Montezuman		514.8 *
												Begadean		519.9 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2												521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian												529
																538.8