PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
M. Kretzoi. 1942. Necroteuthis n. g. (Ceph. Dibr., Necroteuthidae N. F.) aus dem Oligozän von Budapest und das system der Dibranchiata. Földtani Közlöny 72:125-238 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view
F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
P. L. Gibbard, M. J. Head, and M. J. C. Walker. 2010. Formal ratification of the Quaternary System/Period and the Pleistocene Series/Epoch with a base at 2.58 Ma. Journal of Quaternary Science 25(2):96-102 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 127057 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Ordovician of North America						Cambrian of Kazakhstan	Cretaceous-Cenozoic of New Zealand		Permian of North America		Mesozoic Subages		Obsolete Names for ICS Units			Cenozoic Subepochs of Southern Europe
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan								Wanganui	Haweran									0
		Northgrippian																		0.0042
		Greenlandian																		0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene																	Tarantian	0.0117
		Chibanian																	Ionian	0.129
		Chibanian									Castlecliffian								Ionian	0.34
		Calabrian									Castlecliffian									0.774
		Calabrian									Nukumaruan									1.63
		Gelasian									Nukumaruan									1.8
		Gelasian									Mangapanian									2.4
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian									Mangapanian					Tertiary †				2.58
		Piacenzian									Waipipian									3
		Zanclean									Waipipian									3.6
		Zanclean									Opoitian									3.7
	Miocene	Messinian								Taranaki	Kapitean									5.333
		Messinian									Tongaporutuan									7.2
		Tortonian									Tongaporutuan									7.246
		Tortonian								Southland	Waiauan									11.04
		Serravallian									Waiauan									11.63
		Serravallian									Lillburnian									13.05
		Langhian									Lillburnian									13.82
											Clifdenian									15.1
										Pareora	Altonian									15.9
		Burdigalian									Altonian									15.98
		Burdigalian									Otaian									18.7
		Aquitanian									Otaian									20.44
		Aquitanian								Landon	Waitakian									21.7
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian									Waitakian									23.03
											Duntroonian									25.2
											Whaingaroan									27.3
		Rupelian																		27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian																		33.9
										Arnold	Runangan									34.6
											Kaiatan									36.7
		Bartonian									Kaiatan									37.71
		Bartonian									Bortonian									39.1
		Lutetian									Bortonian									41.2
										Dannevirke	Porangan									42.6
											Heretaungan									45.7
		Ypresian									Heretaungan									47.8
											Mangaorapan									48.9
											Waipawan									52
	Paleocene	Thanetian									Teurian									56
		Selandian																		59.2
		Danian																		61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian								Mata	Haumurian			Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian						66
		Campanian									Haumurian			Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian						72.1
		Santonian									Piripauan			Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian						83.6
		Santonian								Raukumara	Teratan			Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian						86.1
		Coniacian												Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian						86.3
		Turonian												Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian						89.8
											Mangaotanean									90.5
											Arowhanan									93.7
		Cenomanian									Arowhanan			Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian						93.9
										Clarence	Ngaterian									95.2
											Motuan									99.5
	Early Cretaceous	Albian									Motuan			Late Albian						100.5
											Urutawan			Late Albian						103.3
											Urutawan			Middle Albian						106.2 *
										Taitai	Korangan			Middle Albian						108.4
														Early Albian						109.9 *
		Aptian												Late Aptian						113
														Late Aptian						117.5
														Early Aptian						119.5 *
		Barremian	Late Barremian/Early Barremian	121.4
		Hauterivian	Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian	125.77
		Valanginian	Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian	132.6
		Berriasian	Late Berriasian	139.8
			Middle Berriasian	140.6 *
			Early Berriasian	142.7 *
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian		Late Tithonian	Middle Tithonian	145
		Tithonian		Early Tithonian	Middle Tithonian	146.3 *
		Kimmeridgian		Late Kimmeridgian		149.2
		Kimmeridgian		Early Kimmeridgian		152.2 *
		Oxfordian		Late Oxfordian	Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian	154.8
		Oxfordian			Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian	157.9 *
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian		Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian		161.5
		Bathonian		Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian		165.3
		Bajocian		Late Bajocian		168.2
		Bajocian		Early Bajocian		168.6 *
		Aalenian		Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian		170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian		Late Toarcian		174.7
				Middle Toarcian		180.4 *
				Early Toarcian		182.9 *
		Pliensbachian		Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian		184.2
		Sinemurian		Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian		192.9
		Hettangian		Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian		199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian				201.4
		Norian		Sevatian		208.5
				Alaunian		213.2 *
				Lacian		216.7 *
		Carnian		Tuvalian		227
		Carnian		Julian		233.4 *
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian		Longobardian		237
		Ladinian		Fassanian		239.7 *
		Anisian		Illyrian		242
				Pelsonian		243.8 *
				Bithynian		244.7 *
				Aegean		245.5 *
	Early Triassic	Olenekian		Spathian		247.2
		Olenekian		Smithian		248.9 *
		Induan		Dienerian		251.2
		Induan		Griesbachian		251.4 *
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian				251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian				Longtanian †	254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian				Capitanian		259.51
		Wordian				Wordian		264.28
		Roadian				Roadian		266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian				Leonardian		Cathedralian	273.01
		Kungurian						Hessian	281.9 *
		Artinskian						Hessian	283.5
		Artinskian				Wolfcampian		Lenoxian	286.1 *
		Sakmarian						Lenoxian	290.1
		Asselian						Nealian	293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian							298.9
		Kasimovian							303.7
		Moscovian							307
		Bashkirian							315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian							323.2
		Visean							330.9
		Tournaisian							346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian							Conewangan/Conneautan/Canadaway	358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian							West Fallsian/Sonyean	372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian							Geneseean/Taghanican/Tioughniogan	Cazenovian		382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian							Southwoodian	Cazenovian		387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian							Sawkillian/Deer Parkian	Helderbergian		393.3
		Pragian									407.6
		Lochkovian									410.8
Silurian	Pridoli										419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian									423
	Ludlow	Gorstian									425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian									427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian									430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian									433.4
		Aeronian	438.5
		Rhuddanian	440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian	Cincinnatian								Gamachian	443.8
		Katian									Gamachian	445.2
											Richmondian	446 *
											Maysvillian	Rocklandian †/Shermanian/Ashbyan/Kirkfieldian/Blackriveran/Wildernessian/Trentonian/Franklinian	449.8 *
					Edenian						450.4 *
			Mohawkian		Chatfieldian						451.1 *
		Sandbian			Chatfieldian						453
					Turinian						453.7 *
			Whiterockian								Canadian †	Chazyan †/Marmor	457 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian											458.4
		Dapingian											467.3
		Dapingian			Rangerian								469.1 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian	Ibexian		Blackhillsian							Jeffersonian †	Cassinian †	470
		Floian			Tulean									473.9 *
		Tremadocian			Tulean									Ungurian	477.7
					Stairsian										480.3 *
					Skullrockian								Demingian †		482 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10			Skullrockian									Batyrbaian	Franconian †/Dresbachian/Millardan	485.4
		Stage 10														Sunwaptan	487.5
		Jiangshanian															489.5
														Aksaian			490.7 *
														Sakian			492.2 *
																Steptoean	493 *
		Paibian														Steptoean	494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian												Ayusokkanian	Series 3 †	Marjumian	Albertian †	497
		Guzhangian																499.5
		Drumian												Zhanaarykian				500.5
		Drumian												Tuesaian				503
		Wuliuan					Stage 5 †							Tuesaian		Topazan		504.5
																Topazan		505.3
																Delamaran		506.5
	Series 2	Stage 4													Waucoban †		509
														Toyonian			510 *
														Toyonian		Dyeran	511 *
														Botomian			512.5 *
		Stage 3															514
																Montezuman	514.8 *
														Atdabanian		Montezuman	515.6 *
														Atdabanian		Begadean	519.9 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2												Tommotian			521
		Stage 2															525.5
		Fortunian															529
																				538.8