PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
M. Kretzoi. 1942. Necroteuthis n. g. (Ceph. Dibr., Necroteuthidae N. F.) aus dem Oligozän von Budapest und das system der Dibranchiata. Földtani Közlöny 72:125-238 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
Z.-X. Qiu and Z.-D. Qiu. 1995. Chronological sequence and subdivision of Chinese Neogene mammalian faunas. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 116(1-2):41-70 view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view
J. Meng and M. C. McKenna. 1998. Faunal turnovers of Paleogene mammals from the Mongolian Plateau. Nature 394:364-367 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126831 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Ordovician of North America						Neogene Mammal Ages of China	Ordovician of Ibero-Bohemia				Permian of Western Europe	Cretaceous-Cenozoic of New Zealand		Paleogene Mammal Ages of Asia
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan													Wanganui	Haweran			0
		Northgrippian																	0.0042
		Greenlandian																	0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene							Nihewanian										0.0117
		Chibanian																	0.129
		Chibanian														Castlecliffian			0.34
		Calabrian														Castlecliffian			0.774
		Calabrian														Nukumaruan			1.63
		Gelasian														Nukumaruan			1.8
		Gelasian														Mangapanian			2.4
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian							Yushean							Mangapanian			2.58
		Piacenzian														Waipipian			3
		Zanclean														Waipipian			3.6
																Opoitian			3.7
									Baodean							Opoitian			4.9
	Miocene	Messinian													Taranaki	Kapitean			5.333
		Messinian														Tongaporutuan			7.2
		Tortonian														Tongaporutuan			7.246
															Southland	Waiauan			11.04
									Tunggurian										11.1
		Serravallian																	11.63
		Serravallian														Lillburnian			13.05
		Langhian							Shanwangian							Lillburnian			13.82
																Clifdenian			15.1
															Pareora	Altonian			15.9
		Burdigalian																	15.98
									Xiejiaan										16.9
																Otaian			18.7
		Aquitanian														Otaian			20.44
		Aquitanian													Landon	Waitakian			21.7
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian														Waitakian	Tabenbulakian	Hsandagolian	23.03
																Duntroonian			25.2
																Whaingaroan			27.3
		Rupelian															Kekeamuan		27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian															Houldjinian/Ergilian/Ulangochuian		33.9
															Arnold	Runangan			34.6
																Kaiatan			36.7
		Bartonian														Kaiatan	Sharamurunian/Irdinmanhan/Arshantan		37.71
		Bartonian														Bortonian			39.1
		Lutetian														Bortonian			41.2
															Dannevirke	Porangan			42.6
																Heretaungan			45.7
		Ypresian														Heretaungan		Bumbanian	47.8
																Mangaorapan			48.9
																Waipawan			52
	Paleocene	Thanetian														Teurian	Gashatan		56
		Selandian																	59.2
		Danian																	61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian													Mata	Haumurian			66
		Campanian														Haumurian			72.1
		Santonian														Piripauan			83.6
		Santonian													Raukumara	Teratan			86.1
		Coniacian																	86.3
		Turonian																	89.8
																Mangaotanean			90.5
																Arowhanan			93.7
		Cenomanian														Arowhanan			93.9
															Clarence	Ngaterian			95.2
																Motuan			99.5
	Early Cretaceous	Albian														Motuan			100.5
																Urutawan			103.3
															Taitai	Korangan			108.4
		Aptian														Korangan			113
		Aptian																	117.5
		Barremian	121.4
		Hauterivian	125.77
		Valanginian	132.6
		Berriasian	139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian		145
		Kimmeridgian		149.2
		Oxfordian		154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian		161.5
		Bathonian		165.3
		Bajocian		168.2
		Aalenian		170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian		174.7
		Pliensbachian		184.2
		Sinemurian		192.9
		Hettangian		199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian		201.4
		Norian		208.5
		Carnian		227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian		237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian		242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian		247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan		251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian		251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian		Zechstein	254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian		Rotliegendes	259.51
		Wordian			264.28
		Roadian			266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian			273.01
		Artinskian		Autunian	283.5
		Sakmarian			290.1
		Asselian			293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian			Mapingian †	298.9
		Kasimovian			Mapingian †	303.7
		Kasimovian				305.9
		Moscovian				307
		Bashkirian				315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian				323.2
		Visean				330.9
		Tournaisian				346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian				358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian				372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian				382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian				387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian				393.3
		Pragian				407.6
		Lochkovian				410.8
Silurian	Pridoli					Ohesaare	419.2
	Pridoli					Kaugetuma	421.7 *
	Ludlow	Ludfordian				Kuressaare	423
		Ludfordian				Paadla	423.4 *
		Gorstian				Paadla	425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian				Rootsikula	427.4
		Homerian				Jaagarahu	429.2 *
		Sheinwoodian				Jaagarahu	430.5
		Sheinwoodian				Jaani	431.8 *
	Llandovery	Telychian				Jaani	433.4
		Telychian				Adavere	434 *
		Aeronian				Adavere	438.5
		Aeronian				Raikkula	439.4 *
		Rhuddanian				Raikkula	440.8
		Rhuddanian				Juuru	441.4 *
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian				Cincinnatian	Gamachian	Kosovian	443.8
		Katian					Gamachian	Kralodvorian	Bohdalec †	445.2
							Richmondian	Kralodvorian		446 *
							Richmondian	Berounian		449.7 *
							Maysvillian			Rocklandian †/Shermanian/Ashbyan/Kirkfieldian/Blackriveran/Wildernessian/Trentonian/Franklinian	449.8 *
							Edenian				450.4 *
						Mohawkian	Chatfieldian				451.1 *
		Sandbian	453				Chatfieldian
			Turinian				453.7 *
			Turinian				Zahorany †/Vinice				Letna †	456.2 *
			Whiterockian				Zahorany †/Vinice			Canadian †		Chazyan †/Marmor	457 *
							Liben †						458 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian											458.4
								Dobrotivian					458.5 *
								Oretanian					459.7 *
							Sarka †						461.7 *
		Dapingian					Klabava †						467.3
								Arenigian					468
						Rangerian							469.1 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian	Ibexian			Blackhillsian						Jeffersonian †	Cassinian †	470
		Floian				Tulean								473.9 *
		Tremadocian				Tulean	Tremadocian							477.7
						Stairsian								480.3 *
						Skullrockian							Demingian †	482 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10											Datsonian		485.4
													Payntonian		486.8 *
													Payntonian		487.5
		Jiangshanian											Iverian		489.5
		Paibian											Idamean		494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian											Mindyallan		497
		Guzhangian											Boomerangian		499
		Drumian											Undillan		500.5
		Drumian											Floran		503
		Wuliuan											Templetonian		504.5
		Wuliuan		Ordian									507.8 *
	Series 2	Stage 4		Ordian									509
																			510.8 *