PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
M. Kretzoi. 1942. Necroteuthis n. g. (Ceph. Dibr., Necroteuthidae N. F.) aus dem Oligozän von Budapest und das system der Dibranchiata. Földtani Közlöny 72:125-238 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view
D. H. Erwin and S. A. Bowring. 2004. Cambrian time scale. view
F. F. Steininger, W. A. Berggren, D. V. Kent, R. L. Bernor, S. Sen and J. Agusti. 1996. Circum-Mediterranean Neogene (Miocene and Pliocene) marine-continental chronologic correlations of European mammal units. The Evolution of Western Eurasian Neogene Mammal Faunas (eds. R. L. Bernor, V. Fahlbusch, and H.-W. Mittmann) view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126929 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Ordovician of North America						Cambrian of China		Permian of China	Cretaceous-Cenozoic of New Zealand		Cambrian of Siberia			Cambrian Epochs	Permian-Jurassic of New Zealand	European Faunal Zones
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan										Wanganui	Haweran							0
		Northgrippian																		0.0042
		Greenlandian																		0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene																		0.0117
		Chibanian																		0.129
		Chibanian											Castlecliffian							0.34
		Calabrian											Castlecliffian							0.774
		Calabrian											Nukumaruan							1.63
		Gelasian											Nukumaruan						MN 17	1.8
		Gelasian											Mangapanian						MN 17	2.4
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian											Mangapanian						MN 16	2.58
													Waipipian						MN 16	3
																			MN 15	3.2
		Zanclean																		3.6
													Opoitian							3.7
																			MN 14	4.2
																			MN 13	4.9
	Miocene	Messinian										Taranaki	Kapitean							5.333
		Messinian											Tongaporutuan							7.2
		Tortonian																	MN 12	7.246
																			MN 11	7.75
																			MN 10	8.7
																			MN 9	9.7
												Southland	Waiauan						MN 9	11.04
																			MN 7 + 8	11.1
		Serravallian																	MN 7 + 8	11.63
																			MN 6	12.8 *
													Lillburnian						MN 6	13.05
		Langhian											Lillburnian						MN 5	13.82
													Clifdenian							15.1
												Pareora	Altonian							15.9
		Burdigalian																	MN 4	15.98
																			MN 3	16.9
													Otaian						MN 3	18.7
																			MN 2	20
		Aquitanian																		20.44
												Landon	Waitakian							21.7
																			MN 1	22.4
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian																		23.03
													Duntroonian							25.2
													Whaingaroan							27.3
		Rupelian																		27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian																		33.9
												Arnold	Runangan							34.6
													Kaiatan							36.7
		Bartonian											Kaiatan							37.71
		Bartonian											Bortonian							39.1
		Lutetian											Bortonian							41.2
												Dannevirke	Porangan							42.6
													Heretaungan							45.7
		Ypresian											Heretaungan							47.8
													Mangaorapan							48.9
													Waipawan							52
	Paleocene	Thanetian											Teurian							56
		Selandian																		59.2
		Danian																		61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian										Mata	Haumurian							66
		Campanian											Haumurian							72.1
		Santonian											Piripauan							83.6
		Santonian										Raukumara	Teratan							86.1
		Coniacian																		86.3
		Turonian																		89.8
													Mangaotanean							90.5
													Arowhanan							93.7
		Cenomanian	93.9										Arowhanan
			Clarence	Ngaterian	95.2
				Motuan	99.5
	Early Cretaceous	Albian		Motuan	100.5
				Urutawan	103.3
			Taitai	Korangan	108.4
		Aptian		Korangan	113
		Aptian			117.5
		Barremian			121.4
		Hauterivian			125.77
		Valanginian			132.6
		Berriasian			139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian			Oteke	Puaroan	145
		Kimmeridgian			Oteke	Puaroan	149.2
					Kawhia	Ohauan	150
						Heterian	154.5
		Oxfordian					154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian					161.5
		Callovian				Temaikan	164.3
		Bathonian					165.3
		Bajocian					168.2
		Aalenian					170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian					174.7
		Toarcian			Herangi	Ururoan	176
		Pliensbachian				Ururoan	184.2
		Pliensbachian				Aratauran	188.9
		Sinemurian					192.9
		Hettangian					199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian			Balfour	Otapirian	201.4
		Norian				Warepan	208.5
						Otamitan	217
						Oretian	221
		Carnian				Oretian	227
		Carnian			Gore	Kaihikuan	227.5
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian				Kaihikuan	237
		Ladinian				Etalian	238
		Anisian				Etalian	242
		Anisian				Malakovian	246
	Early Triassic	Olenekian				Malakovian	247.2
		Olenekian				Nelsonian	249
		Induan				Nelsonian	251.2
		Induan			DUrville	Makarewan	251.5
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian				Makarewan	Meishanian	251.902
						Waiitian	Meishanian	253.2
							Baoqingian	253.4 *
		Wuchiapingian					Laoshanian	254.14
						Puruhauan	Laoshanian	254.2
						Puruhauan	Laibinian	257.7 *
	Guadalupian	Capitanian			Lengwuan	Aparima	Flettian	259.51
		Wordian			Kuhfengian		Flettian	264.28
		Wordian					Barettian	266
		Roadian						266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian			Luodianian			273.01
		Kungurian					Mangapirian	276
		Artinskian					Mangapirian	283.5
							Telfordian	285
					Longlinian		Telfordian	285.4 *
								288.5
		Sakmarian						290.1
		Asselian			Zisongian			293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian			Zisongian			298.9
		Gzhelian						300.1
		Kasimovian						303.7
		Moscovian						307
		Bashkirian						315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian						323.2
		Visean						330.9
		Tournaisian						346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian						358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian						372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian						Srbsko	382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian		Chotec				387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian		Daleje/Zlichovian				393.3
		Pragian		Pragian				407.6
		Lochkovian		Lochkovian				410.8
Silurian	Pridoli							419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian	423
	Ludlow	Gorstian	425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian	427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian	430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian	433.4
		Aeronian	438.5
		Rhuddanian	440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian	Cincinnatian					Gamachian	443.8
		Katian						Gamachian	445.2
								Richmondian	446 *
								Maysvillian	Rocklandian †/Shermanian/Ashbyan/Kirkfieldian/Blackriveran/Wildernessian/Trentonian/Franklinian	449.8 *
								Edenian		450.4 *
			Mohawkian					Chatfieldian		451.1 *
		Sandbian						Chatfieldian		453
								Turinian		453.7 *
			Whiterockian						Canadian †	Chazyan †/Marmor	457 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian									458.4
		Dapingian									467.3
		Dapingian						Rangerian			469.1 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian	Ibexian					Blackhillsian		Jeffersonian †	Cassinian †	470
		Floian						Tulean				473.9 *
		Tremadocian						Tulean				477.7
								Stairsian				480.3 *
								Skullrockian			Demingian †	482 *
											Demingian †	Mansian †	483.55 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10										Niuchehean	Taoyuanian †	Batyrbaian	Tavgian †	Ketyan †/Yurakian	Late Cambrian	485.4
		Stage 10										Niuchehean						487.5
		Jiangshanian										Jiangshanian						489.5
														Aksaian				490.7 *
														Sakian				492.2 *
		Paibian										Paibian						494
																Ensyan †/Maduan/Nganasanian		494.7 *
													Waergangian †/Youshuanian			Ensyan †/Maduan/Nganasanian		494.9 *
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian										Guzhangian	Wangcunian †	Ayusokkanian			Middle Cambrian	497
		Guzhangian										Guzhangian		Mayan/Menevian				499.5
		Drumian										Drumian		Mayan/Menevian				500.5
		Wuliuan										Wuliuan/Taijangian		Amgan/Solvan				504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4										Duyunian		Amgan/Solvan			Early Cambrian	509
														Toyonian	Lenian †			510 *
														Botomian				512.5 *
		Stage 3										Nangaoian		Botomian				514
		Stage 3										Nangaoian		Atdabanian				515.6 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2										Meishucunian		Tommotian				521
		Stage 2												Nemakit-Daldynian				525.5
		Fortunian													Manykaian †			529
		Fortunian				Jinnigian	530.7								Manykaian †
																				538.8