PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
M. Kretzoi. 1942. Necroteuthis n. g. (Ceph. Dibr., Necroteuthidae N. F.) aus dem Oligozän von Budapest und das system der Dibranchiata. Földtani Közlöny 72:125-238 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view
F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126894 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale					Ordovician of North America						Cambrian of China		Permian Subages of Germany	Cambrian of Australia	Permian of China	Ammonite Chrons of North America			Ordovician of China		Mesozoic Subages
Phanerozoic	Mesozoic	Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian																	Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian		66
				Campanian																	Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian		72.1
				Santonian																	Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian		83.6
				Coniacian																	Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian		86.3
				Turonian																	Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian		89.8
				Cenomanian																	Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian		93.9
			Early Cretaceous	Albian																	Late Albian		100.5
																					Middle Albian		106.2 *
																					Early Albian		109.9 *
				Aptian																	Late Aptian		113
				Aptian																	Early Aptian		119.5 *
				Barremian																	Late Barremian/Early Barremian		121.4
				Hauterivian																	Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian		125.77
				Valanginian																	Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian		132.6
				Berriasian																	Late Berriasian		139.8
																					Middle Berriasian		140.6 *
																					Early Berriasian		142.7 *
		Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian																	Late Tithonian	Middle Tithonian	145
				Tithonian																	Early Tithonian	Middle Tithonian	146.3 *
				Kimmeridgian																	Late Kimmeridgian		149.2
				Kimmeridgian																	Early Kimmeridgian		152.2 *
				Oxfordian																	Late Oxfordian	Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian	154.8
				Oxfordian																		Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian	157.9 *
			Middle Jurassic	Callovian																	Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian		161.5
				Bathonian																	Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian		165.3
				Bajocian												Epizigzagiceras					Late Bajocian		168.2
																Rotundum/Oblatum/Kirschneri/Crassicostatus/Widebayense					Late Bajocian		168.4
																Rotundum/Oblatum/Kirschneri/Crassicostatus/Widebayense					Early Bajocian		168.6 *
				Aalenian												Howelli/Scissum/Westermanni					Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian		170.9
			Early Jurassic	Toarcian												Yakounensis/Hillebrandti/Crassicosta					Late Toarcian		174.7
																Planulata							179.3 *
																		Arnioceras arnouldi					179.8 *
																					Middle Toarcian		180.4 *
																Kanense							181.3 *
																Carlottense							182.3 *
																Carlottense					Early Toarcian		182.9 *
																Kunae					Early Toarcian		183.5 *
				Pliensbachian												Kunae					Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian		184.2
																Freboldi							185.1 *
																Whiteavesi/Imlayi	Tetraspidoceras						186.2 *
																	Tetraspidoceras						189.2 *
																Plesechioceras harbledownense/Asteroceras varians/Coroniceras	Canadensis						190.3 *
				Sinemurian																	Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian		192.9
																Pseudaetomoceras		Psiloceras					196.4 *
																Franziceras/Euphyllites							196.5 *
				Hettangian												Franziceras/Euphyllites					Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian		199.5
		Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian																			201.4
				Norian																	Sevatian		208.5
																					Alaunian		213.2 *
																					Lacian		216.7 *
				Carnian																	Tuvalian		227
				Carnian																	Julian		233.4 *
			Middle Triassic	Ladinian																	Longobardian		237
				Ladinian																	Fassanian		239.7 *
				Anisian																	Illyrian		242
																					Pelsonian		243.8 *
																					Bithynian		244.7 *
																					Aegean		245.5 *
			Early Triassic	Olenekian																	Spathian		247.2
				Olenekian																	Smithian		248.9 *
				Induan																	Dienerian		251.2
				Induan																	Griesbachian		251.4 *
	Paleozoic	Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian									Buntsandstein		Meishanian								251.902
				Changhsingian											Baoqingian								253.4 *
Wuchiapingian				Laoshanian	254.14
Wuchiapingian				Laibinian	257.7 *
Guadalupian			Capitanian	Ohre/Aller	Lengwuan	259.51
			Wordian	Leine	Kuhfengian	264.28
			Roadian		Kuhfengian	266.9
Cisuralian			Kungurian		Luodianian	273.01
			Artinskian		Luodianian	283.5
			Artinskian		Longlinian	285.4 *
			Sakmarian		Longlinian	290.1
			Asselian		Zisongian	293.52
Carboniferous		Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian		Zisongian	Late Pennsylvanian	298.9
			Gzhelian				300.1
			Kasimovian				303.7
			Moscovian			Middle Pennsylvanian	307
			Bashkirian			Early Pennsylvanian	315.2
		Mississippian	Serpukhovian			Late Mississippian	323.2
			Visean			Middle Mississippian	330.9
			Tournaisian			Early Mississippian	346.7
Devonian		Late Devonian	Famennian				358.9
		Late Devonian	Frasnian				372.2
		Middle Devonian	Givetian				382.7
		Middle Devonian	Eifelian				387.7
		Early Devonian	Emsian				393.3
			Pragian				407.6
			Lochkovian				410.8
Silurian		Pridoli					419.2
		Ludlow	Ludfordian				423
		Ludlow	Gorstian				425.6
		Wenlock	Homerian				427.4
		Wenlock	Sheinwoodian				430.5
		Llandovery	Telychian				433.4
			Aeronian				438.5
			Rhuddanian				440.8
Ordovician		Late Ordovician	Hirnantian				Cincinnatian	Gamachian	Hirnantian	Xiaoxita †/Shikou	Wufeng †	443.8
			Katian					Gamachian	Chientangkiangian			445.2
								Richmondian	Chientangkiangian			446 *
								Richmondian	Neichianshanian/Hanjiang			449.5
								Maysvillian				Rocklandian †/Shermanian/Ashbyan/Kirkfieldian/Blackriveran/Wildernessian/Trentonian/Franklinian	449.8 *
								Edenian					450.4 *
							Mohawkian	Chatfieldian					451.1 *
			Sandbian					Chatfieldian					453
								Turinian					453.7 *
							Whiterockian					Canadian †	Chazyan †/Marmor	457 *
		Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian						Darriwilian	Guniu †/Hulo				458.4
			Darriwilian						Darriwilian	Hunjiang †	Dawan †/Daobaowan/Ningkuo			466.3 *
			Dapingian						Dapingian					467.3
			Dapingian					Rangerian	Dapingian					469.1 *
		Early Ordovician	Floian				Ibexian	Blackhillsian	Jeffersonian †				Cassinian †	Yiyangian	470
			Floian					Tulean						Yiyangian	473.9 *
			Tremadocian											Xinchangian	477.7
											Lianghekou †				477.9 *
								Stairsian							480.3 *
								Skullrockian					Demingian †		482 *
Cambrian		Furongian	Stage 10									Niuchehean	Taoyuanian †	Datsonian				485.4
														Payntonian				486.8 *
														Payntonian				487.5
			Jiangshanian									Jiangshanian		Iverian				489.5
			Paibian									Paibian		Idamean				494
			Paibian									Paibian	Waergangian †/Youshuanian	Idamean				494.9 *
		Miaolingian	Guzhangian									Guzhangian	Wangcunian †	Mindyallan				497
			Guzhangian									Guzhangian		Boomerangian				499
			Drumian									Drumian		Undillan				500.5
	Floran		Drumian									Drumian		503
	Wuliuan		Wuliuan/Taijangian										Templetonian	504.5
	Wuliuan		Wuliuan/Taijangian										Ordian	507.8 *
	Series 2	Stage 4	Duyunian										Ordian	509
		Stage 4	Duyunian											510.8 *
		Stage 3	Nangaoian											514
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2	Meishucunian	521
		Fortunian	Meishucunian	529
		Fortunian	Jinnigian	530.7
Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran																Vendian †	Poundian †	538.8
Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran																Vendian †	Wonokan †	571.7 *
																							635