PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
M. Kretzoi. 1942. Necroteuthis n. g. (Ceph. Dibr., Necroteuthidae N. F.) aus dem Oligozän von Budapest und das system der Dibranchiata. Földtani Közlöny 72:125-238 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
P. L. Gibbard, M. J. Head, and M. J. C. Walker. 2010. Formal ratification of the Quaternary System/Period and the Pleistocene Series/Epoch with a base at 2.58 Ma. Journal of Quaternary Science 25(2):96-102 view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126849 collections

Show more time

Show linear time

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Ordovician of North America						Cambrian of China		Permian of the Pamirs	Mesozoic Subages		Permian of the Russian Platform		Devonian of Germany	Cenozoic Subepochs of Southern Europe	Ordovician of Australia	Ordovician of China
Quaternary	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene															Tarantian				0.0117
		Chibanian															Ionian				0.129
		Calabrian																			0.774
		Gelasian																			1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian																			2.58
	Pliocene	Zanclean																			3.6
	Miocene	Messinian																			5.333
		Tortonian																			7.246
		Serravallian																			11.63
		Langhian																			13.82
		Burdigalian																			15.98
		Aquitanian																			20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian																			23.03
	Oligocene	Rupelian																			27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian																			33.9
		Bartonian																			37.71
		Lutetian																			41.2
		Ypresian																			47.8
	Paleocene	Thanetian																			56
		Selandian																			59.2
		Danian																			61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian										Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian									66
		Campanian										Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian									72.1
		Santonian										Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian									83.6
		Coniacian										Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian									86.3
		Turonian										Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian									89.8
		Cenomanian										Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian									93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian										Late Albian									100.5
												Middle Albian									106.2 *
												Early Albian									109.9 *
		Aptian										Late Aptian									113
		Aptian										Early Aptian									119.5 *
		Barremian										Late Barremian/Early Barremian									121.4
		Hauterivian										Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian									125.77
		Valanginian										Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian									132.6
		Berriasian										Late Berriasian									139.8
												Middle Berriasian									140.6 *
												Early Berriasian									142.7 *
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian										Late Tithonian	Middle Tithonian								145
		Tithonian										Early Tithonian	Middle Tithonian								146.3 *
		Kimmeridgian										Late Kimmeridgian									149.2
		Kimmeridgian										Early Kimmeridgian									152.2 *
		Oxfordian										Late Oxfordian	Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian								154.8
		Oxfordian											Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian								157.9 *
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian										Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian									161.5
		Bathonian										Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian									165.3
		Bajocian										Late Bajocian									168.2
		Bajocian										Early Bajocian									168.6 *
		Aalenian										Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian									170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian										Late Toarcian									174.7
												Middle Toarcian									180.4 *
												Early Toarcian									182.9 *
		Pliensbachian										Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian									184.2
		Sinemurian										Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian									192.9
		Hettangian										Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian									199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian																			201.4
		Norian										Sevatian									208.5
												Alaunian									213.2 *
												Lacian									216.7 *
		Carnian										Tuvalian									227
		Carnian										Julian									233.4 *
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian										Longobardian									237
		Ladinian										Fassanian									239.7 *
		Anisian										Illyrian									242
			Pelsonian	243.8 *
			Bithynian	244.7 *
			Aegean	245.5 *
	Early Triassic	Olenekian	Spathian	247.2
		Olenekian	Smithian	248.9 *
		Induan	Dienerian	251.2
		Induan	Griesbachian	251.4 *
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian	Dorashamian		251.902
		Wuchiapingian	Dzhulfian		254.14
		Wuchiapingian	Dzhulfian		Tatarian	Vyatkian	256.8 *
	Guadalupian	Capitanian	Midian			Severodvinian	259.51
		Wordian	Midian			Urzhumian	264.28
		Wordian	Murgabian			Urzhumian	266.2 *
		Roadian			Kazanian	Povolzhian	266.9
		Roadian			Kazanian	Sokian	270.7 *
	Cisuralian	Kungurian	Kubergandian		Kungurian	Irenian/Ufimian	273.01
			Kubergandian			Filipovian	276.5 *
			Bolorian			Filipovian	279.8
						Saraninian	280.1 *
		Artinskian			Artinskian	Sarginian	283.5
						Irginian	285.9 *
			Yakhtashian			Irginian	286
			Yakhtashian			Burtsevian	287.8 *
		Sakmarian	Sakmarian		Sakmarian	Sterlitamakian	290.1
		Sakmarian	Sakmarian		Sakmarian	Tastubian	291.7 *
		Asselian	Asselian		Asselian	Shikhanian	293.52
						Uskalykian	294.8
						Surenian	297.5
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian					298.9
		Kasimovian					303.7
		Moscovian					307
		Bashkirian					315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian					323.2
		Visean					330.9
		Tournaisian					346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian					Wocklum/Dasberg/Hemberg/Nehden	358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian					Adorf	372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian					Givetian	382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian					Eifelian	387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian					Emsian	393.3
		Pragian					Siegen	407.6
		Lochkovian					Gedinnine	410.8
Silurian	Pridoli							419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian						423
	Ludlow	Gorstian						425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian						427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian						430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian						433.4
		Aeronian						438.5
		Rhuddanian						440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian						Cincinnatian	Gamachian	Bolindian	Hirnantian	Xiaoxita †/Shikou	Wufeng †	443.8
		Katian							Gamachian		Chientangkiangian			445.2
									Richmondian					446 *
										Eastonian				449 *
											Neichianshanian/Hanjiang			449.5
									Maysvillian					Rocklandian †/Shermanian/Ashbyan/Kirkfieldian/Blackriveran/Wildernessian/Trentonian/Franklinian	449.8 *
									Edenian						450.4 *
								Mohawkian	Chatfieldian						451.1 *
										Gisbornian					452 *
		Sandbian													453
									Turinian						453.7 *
								Whiterockian						Canadian †	Chazyan †/Marmor	457 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian								Darriwilian	Darriwilian	Guniu †/Hulo				458.4
		Darriwilian								Darriwilian	Darriwilian	Hunjiang †	Dawan †/Daobaowan/Ningkuo			466.3 *
		Dapingian								Yapeenian	Dapingian					467.3
										Castlemainian						468.5 *
									Rangerian	Castlemainian						469.1 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian						Ibexian	Blackhillsian	Jeffersonian †	Cassinian †				Chewtonian	Yiyangian	470
															Bendigonian		471.8 *
															Lancefieldian		473.5 *
									Tulean								473.9 *
		Tremadocian		Xinchangian												477.7
													Lianghekou †			477.9 *
									Stairsian							480.3 *
									Skullrockian		Demingian †					482 *
											Demingian †				Warendian	482.8 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10										Niuchehean	Taoyuanian †					Franconian †/Dresbachian/Millardan	485.4
		Stage 10										Niuchehean							Sunwaptan	487.5
		Jiangshanian										Jiangshanian							Sunwaptan	489.5
		Jiangshanian										Jiangshanian							Steptoean	493 *
		Paibian										Paibian								494
		Paibian										Paibian	Waergangian †/Youshuanian							494.9 *
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian										Guzhangian	Wangcunian †					Marjumian	Albertian †	497
		Drumian										Drumian	Wangcunian †					Marjumian		500.5
		Wuliuan										Wuliuan/Taijangian						Topazan		504.5
		Wuliuan										Wuliuan/Taijangian						Delamaran		506.5
	Series 2	Stage 4										Duyunian						Delamaran	Waucoban †	509
		Stage 4										Duyunian						Dyeran		511 *
		Stage 3										Nangaoian						Dyeran		514
																		Montezuman		514.8 *
																		Begadean		519.9 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2										Meishucunian								521
		Fortunian	529									Meishucunian
		Fortunian	Jinnigian		530.7
																					538.8