PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
M. Kretzoi. 1942. Necroteuthis n. g. (Ceph. Dibr., Necroteuthidae N. F.) aus dem Oligozän von Budapest und das system der Dibranchiata. Földtani Közlöny 72:125-238 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view
M. O. Woodburne. 1987. A prospectus of the North American Mammal Ages. In: Woodburne, M. O. (ed.), Cenozoic Mammals of North America. University of California Press, Berkelery, CA 285-290 view
J. Alroy. 2000. New methods for quantifying macroevolutionary patterns and processes. Paleobiology 26(4):707-733 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 127533 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale					Ordovician of North America						Ordovician of Ibero-Bohemia				Ordovician of the Baltic				Obsolete Precambrian Ages		North American Mammal Subages/Zones			Obsolete Carboniferous Ages of China	North American Land Mammal Ages	Ammonite Chrons of Northwest Europe
Phanerozoic	Cenozoic	Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan																					Saintaugustinean			0
				Meghalayan																					Santarosean			0.0004
				Northgrippian																								0.0042
				Greenlandian																								0.0082
			Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene																	Sheridanian							0.0117
				Late Pleistocene																					Rancholabrean			0.014
				Chibanian																					Rancholabrean			0.129
				Chibanian																	Cudahyan/Sappan				Irvingtonian			0.21
				Calabrian																	Cudahyan/Sappan				Irvingtonian			0.774
				Calabrian																	Senecan/Rexroadian				Blancan			1.4
				Gelasian																								1.8
		Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian																								2.58
				Zanclean																								3.6
				Zanclean																	Late Hemphillian/late Early Hemphillian/early Early Hemphillian				Hemphillian			4.7
			Miocene	Messinian																								5.333
				Tortonian																								7.246
				Tortonian																	Late Clarendonian/Early Clarendonian				Clarendonian			9.4
				Serravallian																	Late Clarendonian/Early Clarendonian				Clarendonian			11.63
				Serravallian																	late Late Barstovian/early Late Barstovian/Early Barstovian				Barstovian			12.5
				Langhian																								13.82
				Burdigalian																								15.98
																					Late Hemingfordian/Early Hemingfordian				Hemingfordian			16.3
																					late Late Arikareean/early Late Arikareean/late Early Arikareean/early Early Arikareean	Harrisonian			Arikareean			18.5
				Aquitanian																								20.44
		Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian																								23.03
																						Monroecreekian						23.1 *
																						Geringian						24.7 *
				Rupelian																		Geringian						27.82
																									Whitneyan			29.5
																									Orellan			31.8
			Eocene	Priabonian																	Late Chadronian/Middle Chadronian/Early Chadronian				Chadronian			33.9
				Priabonian																					Duchesnean			37
				Bartonian																					Duchesnean			37.71
				Bartonian																	Late Uintan/Early Uintan				Uintan			39.7
				Lutetian																	Late Uintan/Early Uintan				Uintan			41.2
				Lutetian																	Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian				Bridgerian			46.2
				Ypresian																	Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian				Bridgerian			47.8
																					Lostcabinian/Lysitean/Graybullian/Sandcouleean				Wasatchian			50.5
																							Cf3/Cf2/Cf1		Clarkforkian			54.9
			Paleocene	Thanetian																			Cf3/Cf2/Cf1		Clarkforkian			56
				Thanetian																			Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1		Tiffanian			56.2
				Selandian																			Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1		Tiffanian			59.2
				Selandian																			To3/To2/To1		Torrejonian			60.9
				Danian																			To3/To2/To1		Torrejonian			61.6
				Danian																			Pu3/Pu2/Pu1		Puercan			63.8
	Mesozoic	Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian																								66
				Campanian																								72.1
				Santonian																								83.6
				Coniacian																								86.3
				Turonian																								89.8
				Cenomanian																								93.9
			Early Cretaceous	Albian																								100.5
				Aptian																								113
				Barremian																								121.4
				Hauterivian																								125.77
				Valanginian																								132.6
				Berriasian																								139.8
		Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian																								145
				Kimmeridgian																								149.2
				Oxfordian																								154.8
			Middle Jurassic	Callovian																								161.5
				Bathonian																								165.3
				Bajocian																						Parkinsoni/Garantiana/Subfurcatum/Sauzei/Laeviuscula/Discites		168.2
				Bajocian																							Humphresianum	168.4
Aalenian				Concavum/Murchisonae/Opalinum		170.9
Early Jurassic			Toarcian	Levesquei/Variabilis/Bifrons	Thouarsense	174.7
				Levesquei/Variabilis/Bifrons		180.1
				Serpentinum/Falciferum/Tenuicostatum		182
			Pliensbachian	Spinatum/Margaritatus/Davoei/Ibex/Jamesoni		184.2
			Sinemurian	Raricostatum/Oxynotum/Obtusum/Turneri/Semicostatum/Bucklandi		192.9
			Hettangian	Angulata/Liasicus/Planorbis		199.5
Triassic		Late Triassic	Rhaetian			201.4
			Norian			208.5
			Carnian			227
		Middle Triassic	Ladinian			237
		Middle Triassic	Anisian			242
		Early Triassic	Olenekian			247.2
		Early Triassic	Induan			251.2
Paleozoic	Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian			251.902
		Lopingian	Wuchiapingian			254.14
		Guadalupian	Capitanian			259.51
			Wordian			264.28
			Roadian			266.9
		Cisuralian	Kungurian			273.01
			Artinskian			283.5
			Sakmarian			290.1
			Asselian			293.52
	Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian			Mapingian †	298.9
			Kasimovian			Mapingian †	303.7
			Kasimovian				305.9
			Moscovian				307
			Bashkirian				315.2
		Mississippian	Serpukhovian				323.2
			Visean				330.9
			Tournaisian				346.7
	Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian				358.9
		Late Devonian	Frasnian				372.2
		Middle Devonian	Givetian				382.7
		Middle Devonian	Eifelian				387.7
		Early Devonian	Emsian				393.3
			Pragian				407.6
			Lochkovian				410.8
	Silurian	Pridoli					419.2
		Ludlow	Ludfordian				423
		Ludlow	Gorstian				425.6
		Wenlock	Homerian				427.4
		Wenlock	Sheinwoodian				430.5
		Llandovery	Telychian				433.4
			Aeronian				438.5
			Rhuddanian				440.8
	Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian				Cincinnatian	Gamachian	Kosovian	Harju	Porkuni	Ashgill	Hirnantian	443.8
			Katian					Gamachian	Kralodvorian		Bohdalec †		Pirgu	Rawtheyan	445.2
								Richmondian						Rawtheyan	446 *
														Cautleyan	448.9 *
														Pusgillian	449.3 *
												Vormsi	Caradoc	Streffordian	Onnian †	449.6 *
									Berounian							449.7 *
								Maysvillian								Rocklandian †/Shermanian/Ashbyan/Kirkfieldian/Blackriveran/Wildernessian/Trentonian/Franklinian	449.8 *
								Maysvillian				Nabala					Johvi †	450 *
								Edenian				Nabala						450.4 *
								Edenian		Viru		Rakvere						450.6 *
							Mohawkian	Chatfieldian										451.1 *
														Cheneyan				451.5 *
												Oandu		Cheneyan				452 *
												Oandu		Burrellian				452.7 *
			Sandbian									Keila					Idavere †	453
															Actonian †			453.2 *
								Turinian										453.7 *
												Haljala						453.9
															Marshbrookian †			Woolstonian †	454.2 *
					Longvillian †										455.2 *
															Zahorany †/Vinice				Letna †	456.2 *
												Kukruse								456.4 *
														Aurelucian						456.8 *
							Whiterockian									Canadian †				Chazyan †/Marmor	457 *
				Soudleyan †/Harnagian/Costonian														457.4 *
												Uhaku					Aluoja †	457.5 *
											Liben †							458 *
		Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian	Llanvirn									Llandeilian/Llandeilo/Late Llandeilo/Middle Llandeilo/Early Llandeilo/Late Llanvirn					458.4
									Dobrotivian									458.5 *
									Dobrotivian			Lasnamagi						458.9 *
									Oretanian			Lasnamagi						459.7 *
Aseri												460.4 *
												Abereiddian/Early Llanvirn	461.3 *
											Sarka †							461.7 *
Oeland										Kunda								462.9 *
										Kunda							Valaste †/Hunderum	464.3 *
										Volkhov								Langevoja †/Vaana/Saka	467.1 *
			Dapingian								Klabava †								467.3
									Arenigian										468
				Arenig								Fennian							468.4 *
								Rangerian											469.1 *
								Rangerian		Billingen									469.3 *
		Early Ordovician	Floian			Ibexian	Blackhillsian	Jeffersonian †											Cassinian †	470
																	Latorp †			470.1 *
												Whitlandian								471.1 *
										Hunneberg										473.7 *
							Tulean													473.9 *
												Moridunian								474.3 *
			Tremadocian	Tremadocian							Tremadoc	Migneintian								477.7
							Stairsian					Migneintian								480.3 *
												Cressagian								480.8 *
										Varangu										481.3 *
							Skullrockian			Varangu									Demingian †	482 *
										Pakerort										482.2 *
																				485 *
	Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10																	485.4
																				486.3 *
																				486.5
																				487.5
			Jiangshanian																	489.5
			Paibian																	494
		Miaolingian	Guzhangian																	497
			Drumian																	500.5
			Wuliuan																	504.5
		Series 2	Stage 4																	509
		Series 2	Stage 3																	514
		Terreneuvian	Stage 2																	521
		Terreneuvian	Fortunian																	529
	Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran																			Vendian †	Poundian †	538.8
	Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran																			Vendian †	Wonokan †	571.7 *
																												635