PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
M. Kretzoi. 1942. Necroteuthis n. g. (Ceph. Dibr., Necroteuthidae N. F.) aus dem Oligozän von Budapest und das system der Dibranchiata. Földtani Közlöny 72:125-238 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
F. F. Steininger, W. A. Berggren, D. V. Kent, R. L. Bernor, S. Sen and J. Agusti. 1996. Circum-Mediterranean Neogene (Miocene and Pliocene) marine-continental chronologic correlations of European mammal units. The Evolution of Western Eurasian Neogene Mammal Faunas (eds. R. L. Bernor, V. Fahlbusch, and H.-W. Mittmann) view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126831 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Ordovician of North America						Ordovician of Ibero-Bohemia				Ten Million Year Bins	Mesozoic Subages		Permian of China	Permian of the Salt Range	European Faunal Units
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan											Cenozoic 6						0
		Northgrippian																	0.0042
		Greenlandian																	0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene																	0.0117
		Chibanian																	0.129
		Calabrian																	0.774
		Gelasian																	1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian																Villanyian	2.58
		Piacenzian																Ruscinian	3.1 *
		Zanclean																Ruscinian	3.6
	Miocene	Messinian																Turolian	5.333
		Tortonian																Turolian	7.246
		Tortonian																Vallesian	8.7
		Serravallian											Cenozoic 5					Astaracian	11.63
		Langhian																Astaracian	13.82
		Burdigalian																Orleanian	15.98
		Burdigalian																Agenian	20
		Aquitanian																Agenian	20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian											Cenozoic 4						23.03
	Oligocene	Rupelian											Cenozoic 4						27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian											Cenozoic 3						33.9
		Bartonian											Cenozoic 3						37.71
		Lutetian											Cenozoic 2						41.2
		Ypresian											Cenozoic 2						47.8
	Paleocene	Thanetian											Cenozoic 1						56
		Selandian																	59.2
		Danian																	61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian											Cretaceous 8	Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian					66
		Campanian											Cretaceous 7	Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian					72.1
		Santonian											Cretaceous 6	Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian					83.6
		Coniacian												Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian					86.3
		Turonian												Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian					89.8
		Cenomanian											Cretaceous 5	Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian					93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian											Cretaceous 4	Late Albian					100.5
														Middle Albian					106.2 *
														Early Albian					109.9 *
		Aptian											Cretaceous 3	Late Aptian					113
		Aptian											Cretaceous 3	Early Aptian					119.5 *
		Barremian											Cretaceous 2	Late Barremian/Early Barremian					121.4
		Hauterivian											Cretaceous 2	Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian					125.77
		Valanginian											Cretaceous 1	Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian					132.6
		Berriasian												Late Berriasian					139.8
														Middle Berriasian					140.6 *
														Early Berriasian					142.7 *
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian											Jurassic 6	Late Tithonian	Middle Tithonian				145
		Tithonian											Jurassic 6	Early Tithonian	Middle Tithonian				146.3 *
		Kimmeridgian											Jurassic 5	Late Kimmeridgian					149.2
		Kimmeridgian												Early Kimmeridgian					152.2 *
		Oxfordian												Late Oxfordian	Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian				154.8
		Oxfordian													Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian				157.9 *
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian												Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian					161.5
		Bathonian											Jurassic 4	Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian					165.3
		Bajocian												Late Bajocian					168.2
		Bajocian												Early Bajocian					168.6 *
		Aalenian											Jurassic 3	Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian					170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian												Late Toarcian					174.7
														Middle Toarcian					180.4 *
														Early Toarcian					182.9 *
		Pliensbachian											Jurassic 2	Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian					184.2
		Sinemurian											Jurassic 1	Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian					192.9
		Hettangian											Jurassic 1	Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian					199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian											Triassic 4						201.4
		Norian												Sevatian					208.5
														Alaunian					213.2 *
			Lacian	216.7 *
		Carnian	Triassic 3	Tuvalian	227
		Carnian	Triassic 3	Julian	233.4 *
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian	Triassic 2	Longobardian	237
		Ladinian		Fassanian	239.7 *
		Anisian		Illyrian	242
				Pelsonian	243.8 *
				Bithynian	244.7 *
				Aegean	245.5 *
	Early Triassic	Olenekian	Triassic 1	Spathian	247.2
		Olenekian		Smithian	248.9 *
		Induan		Dienerian	251.2
				Griesbachian	251.4 *
				Griesbachian	Kathwai	251.5 *
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian	Permian 4		Kathwai	Meishanian	251.902
							252.4 *
					Chhidru		252.9 *
						Baoqingian	253.4 *
		Wuchiapingian				Laoshanian	254.14
					Kalabagh		255 *
					Wargal		256 *
						Laibinian	257.7 *
	Guadalupian	Capitanian				Lengwuan	259.51
		Wordian				Kuhfengian	264.28
							265.3 *
					Amb		266.1 *
		Roadian	Permian 3		Amb		266.9
		Roadian	Permian 3				270.7 *
	Cisuralian	Kungurian	Permian 2			Luodianian	273.01
		Artinskian				Luodianian	283.5
		Artinskian				Longlinian	285.4 *
		Sakmarian				Longlinian	290.1
		Asselian	Permian 1			Zisongian	293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian	Carboniferous 5			Zisongian	298.9
		Gzhelian					300.1
		Kasimovian					303.7
		Moscovian	Carboniferous 4				307
		Bashkirian	Carboniferous 4				315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian	Carboniferous 3				323.2
		Visean	Carboniferous 2				330.9
		Tournaisian	Carboniferous 1				346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian	Devonian 5				358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian	Devonian 4				372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian	Devonian 3				382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian	Devonian 3				387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian	Devonian 2				393.3
		Pragian	Devonian 1				407.6
		Lochkovian	Devonian 1				410.8
Silurian	Pridoli		Silurian 2				419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian					423
	Ludlow	Gorstian					425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian					Gleedonian	427.4
		Homerian					Whitwellian	429.7 *
		Sheinwoodian						430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian	Silurian 1					433.4
		Aeronian						438.5
		Rhuddanian						440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian	Cincinnatian					Gamachian	Kosovian	Ordovician 5	443.8
		Katian						Gamachian	Kralodvorian		Bohdalec †	445.2
								Richmondian	Kralodvorian			446 *
								Richmondian	Berounian			449.7 *
								Maysvillian				Rocklandian †/Shermanian/Ashbyan/Kirkfieldian/Blackriveran/Wildernessian/Trentonian/Franklinian	449.8 *
								Edenian					450.4 *
			Mohawkian					Chatfieldian					451.1 *
		Sandbian						Chatfieldian		Ordovician 4			453
								Turinian					453.7 *
								Turinian					Zahorany †/Vinice	Letna †	456.2 *
			Whiterockian									Canadian †	Zahorany †/Vinice		Chazyan †/Marmor	457 *
											Liben †					458 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian								Ordovician 3						458.4
									Dobrotivian							458.5 *
									Oretanian							459.7 *
											Sarka †					461.7 *
		Dapingian								Klabava †	Ordovician 2					467.3
									Arenigian							468
								Rangerian								469.1 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian	Ibexian					Blackhillsian							Jeffersonian †	Cassinian †	470
		Floian						Tulean									473.9 *
		Tremadocian		Tremadocian				Tulean		Ordovician 1	477.7
								Stairsian			480.3 *
								Skullrockian			Demingian †					482 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10						Skullrockian							Cambrian 5	485.4
		Stage 10														487.5
		Jiangshanian														489.5
		Paibian														494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian													Cambrian 4	497
		Drumian													Cambrian 4	500.5
		Wuliuan													Cambrian 3	504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4													Cambrian 3	509
	Series 2	Stage 3													Cambrian 2	514
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2													Cambrian 2	521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian			Cambrian 1										529
																			538.8