PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
M. Kretzoi. 1942. Necroteuthis n. g. (Ceph. Dibr., Necroteuthidae N. F.) aus dem Oligozän von Budapest und das system der Dibranchiata. Földtani Közlöny 72:125-238 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view
M. Harzhauser and W. E. Piller. 2004. Integrated stratigraphy of the Sarmatian (Upper Middle Miocene) in the western Central Paratethys. Stratigraphy 1(1):65-86 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view
J. Meng and M. C. McKenna. 1998. Faunal turnovers of Paleogene mammals from the Mongolian Plateau. Nature 394:364-367 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126914 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Ordovician of North America						Ordovician of the Baltic				Devonian Subages	Central Paratethys Stages	Ordovician of Britain				Cambrian Epochs	North American Land Mammal Ages	Cambrian of West Avalonia	Paleogene Mammal Ages of Asia
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan																		Saintaugustinean				0
		Meghalayan																		Santarosean				0.0004
		Northgrippian																						0.0042
		Greenlandian																						0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene																						0.0117
		Late Pleistocene																		Rancholabrean				0.014
		Chibanian																		Rancholabrean				0.129
		Chibanian																		Irvingtonian				0.21
		Calabrian																		Irvingtonian				0.774
		Calabrian																		Blancan				1.4
		Gelasian																						1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian																						2.58
		Zanclean																						3.6
		Zanclean																		Hemphillian				4.7
	Miocene	Messinian																						5.333
		Tortonian												Pannonian										7.246
		Tortonian												Pannonian						Clarendonian				9.4
		Serravallian												Sarmatian						Clarendonian				11.63
														Sarmatian						Barstovian				12.5
														Badenian										12.8 *
		Langhian																						13.82
		Burdigalian																						15.98
																				Hemingfordian				16.3
																				Arikareean				18.5
		Aquitanian																						20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian																				Tabenbulakian	Hsandagolian	23.03
		Rupelian																				Kekeamuan		27.82
																				Whitneyan				29.5
																				Orellan				31.8
	Eocene	Priabonian																		Chadronian		Houldjinian/Ergilian/Ulangochuian		33.9
		Priabonian																		Duchesnean		Houldjinian/Ergilian/Ulangochuian		37
		Bartonian																		Duchesnean		Sharamurunian/Irdinmanhan/Arshantan		37.71
		Bartonian																		Uintan				39.7
		Lutetian																		Uintan				41.2
		Lutetian																		Bridgerian				46.2
		Ypresian																		Bridgerian			Bumbanian	47.8
																				Wasatchian				50.5
																				Clarkforkian				54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian																		Clarkforkian		Gashatan		56
		Thanetian																		Tiffanian		Gashatan		56.2
		Selandian																		Tiffanian				59.2
		Selandian																		Torrejonian				60.9
		Danian																		Torrejonian				61.6
		Danian																		Puercan				63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian																						66
		Campanian																						72.1
		Santonian																						83.6
		Coniacian																						86.3
		Turonian																						89.8
		Cenomanian																						93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian																						100.5
		Aptian																						113
		Barremian																						121.4
		Hauterivian																						125.77
		Valanginian																						132.6
		Berriasian																						139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian																						145
		Kimmeridgian																						149.2
		Oxfordian																						154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian																						161.5
		Bathonian																						165.3
		Bajocian																						168.2
		Aalenian																						170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian																						174.7
		Pliensbachian	184.2
		Sinemurian	192.9
		Hettangian	199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian	201.4
		Norian	208.5
		Carnian	227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian	237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian	242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian	247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan	251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian	251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian	254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian	259.51
		Wordian	264.28
		Roadian	266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian	273.01
		Artinskian	283.5
		Sakmarian	290.1
		Asselian	293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian	298.9
		Kasimovian	303.7
		Moscovian	307
		Bashkirian	315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian	323.2
		Visean	330.9
		Tournaisian	346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian	Late Famennian	358.9
			Middle Famennian	365.3 *
			Early Famennian	368.5 *
		Frasnian	Late Frasnian	372.2
			Middle Frasnian	375.4 *
			Early Frasnian	379.3 *
	Middle Devonian	Givetian	Late Givetian	382.7
			Middle Givetian	383.7 *
			Early Givetian	385.9 *
		Eifelian	Late Eifelian	387.7
		Eifelian	Early Eifelian	390.3 *
	Early Devonian	Emsian	Late Emsian	393.3
		Emsian	Early Emsian	398.3 *
		Pragian	Pragian	407.6
		Lochkovian	Late Lochkovian	410.8
			Middle Lochkovian	412.8 *
			Early Lochkovian	415.6 *
Silurian	Pridoli			419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian		423
	Ludlow	Gorstian		425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian		427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian		430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian		433.4
		Aeronian		438.5
		Rhuddanian		440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian		Cincinnatian	Gamachian	Harju	Porkuni	Ashgill	Hirnantian	Kosovian	443.8
		Katian			Gamachian		Pirgu		Rawtheyan	Kralodvorian	Bohdalec †	445.2
					Richmondian				Rawtheyan			446 *
									Cautleyan			448.9 *
									Pusgillian			449.3 *
							Vormsi	Caradoc	Streffordian			Onnian †	449.6 *
										Berounian			449.7 *
					Maysvillian								Rocklandian †/Shermanian/Ashbyan/Kirkfieldian/Blackriveran/Wildernessian/Trentonian/Franklinian	449.8 *
					Maysvillian		Nabala							Johvi †	450 *
					Edenian		Nabala								450.4 *
					Edenian	Viru	Rakvere								450.6 *
				Mohawkian	Chatfieldian										451.1 *
									Cheneyan						451.5 *
							Oandu		Cheneyan						452 *
							Oandu		Burrellian						452.7 *
		Sandbian					Keila							Idavere †	453
												Actonian †			453.2 *
					Turinian										453.7 *
							Haljala								453.9
												Marshbrookian †			Woolstonian †	454.2 *
												Longvillian †				455.2 *
																Zahorany †/Vinice	Letna †	456.2 *
							Kukruse											456.4 *
									Aurelucian									456.8 *
				Whiterockian									Canadian †					Chazyan †/Marmor	457 *
												Soudleyan †/Harnagian/Costonian							457.4 *
							Uhaku							Aluoja †					457.5 *
											Liben †								458 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian						Llanvirn	Llandeilian/Llandeilo/Late Llandeilo/Middle Llandeilo/Early Llandeilo/Late Llanvirn										458.4
										Dobrotivian									458.5 *
							Lasnamagi			Dobrotivian									458.9 *
							Lasnamagi			Oretanian									459.7 *
							Aseri												460.4 *
									Abereiddian/Early Llanvirn										461.3 *
											Sarka †								461.7 *
						Oeland	Kunda												462.9 *
							Kunda							Valaste †/Hunderum					464.3 *
							Volkhov												Langevoja †/Vaana/Saka	467.1 *
		Dapingian									Klabava †									467.3
										Arenigian										468
								Arenig	Fennian											468.4 *
					Rangerian															469.1 *
					Rangerian		Billingen													469.3 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian		Ibexian	Blackhillsian													Jeffersonian †		Cassinian †	470
														Latorp †							470.1 *
									Whitlandian												471.1 *
							Hunneberg														473.7 *
					Tulean																473.9 *
									Moridunian												474.3 *
		Tremadocian						Tremadoc	Migneintian	Tremadocian											477.7
					Stairsian				Migneintian												480.3 *
									Cressagian												480.8 *
							Varangu														481.3 *
					Skullrockian		Varangu													Demingian †	482 *
							Pakerort														482.2 *
																					485 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10																Late Cambrian			485.4
																					486.3 *
																					486.5
																					487.5
		Jiangshanian																			489.5
		Paibian																			494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian																Middle Cambrian			497
		Guzhangian																			Arcadian	498.4
		Drumian																				500.5
		Wuliuan																				504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4																Early Cambrian			Branchian	509
		Stage 3																			Branchian	514
		Stage 3																			Placentian	517.1
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2																				521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian																				529
																								538.8