PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
M. Kretzoi. 1942. Necroteuthis n. g. (Ceph. Dibr., Necroteuthidae N. F.) aus dem Oligozän von Budapest und das system der Dibranchiata. Földtani Közlöny 72:125-238 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
A. G. Sennikov and V. K. Golubev. 2006. Vyazniki Biotic Assemblage of the Terminal Permian. Paleontological Journal 40(suppl. 4):S475-S481 view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126831 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Ordovician of North America					Silurian of England		Cambrian of Britain		Permo-Triassic Subages of Eastern Europe	Cretaceous-Cenozoic of New Zealand		Ordovician of Britain				Ordovician of Ibero-Bohemia
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan											Wanganui	Haweran						0
		Northgrippian																		0.0042
		Greenlandian																		0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene																		0.0117
		Chibanian																		0.129
		Chibanian												Castlecliffian						0.34
		Calabrian												Castlecliffian						0.774
		Calabrian												Nukumaruan						1.63
		Gelasian												Nukumaruan						1.8
		Gelasian												Mangapanian						2.4
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian												Mangapanian						2.58
		Piacenzian												Waipipian						3
		Zanclean												Waipipian						3.6
		Zanclean												Opoitian						3.7
	Miocene	Messinian											Taranaki	Kapitean						5.333
		Messinian												Tongaporutuan						7.2
		Tortonian												Tongaporutuan						7.246
		Tortonian											Southland	Waiauan						11.04
		Serravallian												Waiauan						11.63
		Serravallian												Lillburnian						13.05
		Langhian												Lillburnian						13.82
														Clifdenian						15.1
													Pareora	Altonian						15.9
		Burdigalian												Altonian						15.98
		Burdigalian												Otaian						18.7
		Aquitanian												Otaian						20.44
		Aquitanian											Landon	Waitakian						21.7
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian												Waitakian						23.03
														Duntroonian						25.2
														Whaingaroan						27.3
		Rupelian																		27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian																		33.9
													Arnold	Runangan						34.6
														Kaiatan						36.7
		Bartonian												Kaiatan						37.71
		Bartonian												Bortonian						39.1
		Lutetian												Bortonian						41.2
													Dannevirke	Porangan						42.6
														Heretaungan						45.7
		Ypresian												Heretaungan						47.8
														Mangaorapan						48.9
														Waipawan						52
	Paleocene	Thanetian												Teurian						56
		Selandian																		59.2
		Danian																		61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian											Mata	Haumurian						66
		Campanian												Haumurian						72.1
		Santonian												Piripauan						83.6
		Santonian											Raukumara	Teratan						86.1
		Coniacian																		86.3
		Turonian																		89.8
														Mangaotanean						90.5
														Arowhanan						93.7
		Cenomanian												Arowhanan						93.9
													Clarence	Ngaterian						95.2
														Motuan						99.5
	Early Cretaceous	Albian												Motuan						100.5
														Urutawan						103.3
													Taitai	Korangan						108.4
		Aptian												Korangan						113
		Aptian																		117.5
		Barremian																		121.4
		Hauterivian																		125.77
		Valanginian																		132.6
		Berriasian	139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian		145
		Kimmeridgian		149.2
		Oxfordian		154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian		161.5
		Bathonian		165.3
		Bajocian		168.2
		Aalenian		170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian		174.7
		Pliensbachian		184.2
		Sinemurian		192.9
		Hettangian		199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian		201.4
		Norian		208.5
		Carnian		227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian		237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian		242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian		Vokhmian	247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan		Vokhmian	251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian			251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian		Late Vyatkian/Early Vyatkian	254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian		Late Severodvinian/Early Severodvinian	259.51
		Wordian		Late Urzhumian/Early Urzhumian	264.28
		Roadian		Late Kazanian/Early Kazanian	266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian			273.01
		Artinskian			283.5
		Sakmarian			290.1
		Asselian			293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian			298.9
		Kasimovian			303.7
		Moscovian			307
		Bashkirian			315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian			323.2
		Visean			330.9
		Tournaisian			346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian			358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian			372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian			382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian			387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian			393.3
		Pragian			407.6
		Lochkovian			410.8
Silurian	Pridoli				Red Downtonian/Temeside Shales/Downton Castle	Whitcliffe/Leintwardine	419.2
	Pridoli				Red Downtonian/Temeside Shales/Downton Castle	Bringewood/Elton	421.3
	Ludlow	Ludfordian			Coalbrookdale	Wenlock (England)/Tickwood	423
		Gorstian					425.6
		Gorstian				Buildwas	426.4 *
	Wenlock	Homerian				Buildwas	427.4
		Homerian			Wych	Woolhope	428.4 *
		Sheinwoodian					430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian					433.4
		Telychian					436.3 *
		Aeronian					438.5
		Aeronian			Cowleigh Park		439.3 *
		Rhuddanian			Cowleigh Park		440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian			Cincinnatian		Gamachian	Ashgill	Hirnantian	Kosovian	443.8
		Katian					Gamachian		Rawtheyan	Kralodvorian	Bohdalec †	445.2
							Richmondian		Rawtheyan			446 *
									Cautleyan			448.9 *
									Pusgillian			449.3 *
								Caradoc	Streffordian			Onnian †	449.6 *
										Berounian			449.7 *
							Maysvillian						Rocklandian †/Shermanian/Ashbyan/Kirkfieldian/Blackriveran/Wildernessian/Trentonian/Franklinian	449.8 *
							Edenian							450.4 *
					Mohawkian		Chatfieldian							451.1 *
			Cheneyan						451.5 *
			Burrellian						452.7 *
		Sandbian							453
									Actonian †			453.2 *
							Turinian		Actonian †			453.7 *
									Marshbrookian †			Woolstonian †		454.2 *
									Longvillian †					455.2 *
														Zahorany †/Vinice	Letna †	456.2 *
			Aurelucian													456.8 *
					Whiterockian								Canadian †			Chazyan †/Marmor	457 *
									Soudleyan †/Harnagian/Costonian								457.4 *
									Soudleyan †/Harnagian/Costonian		Liben †						458 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian	Llanvirn					Llandeilian/Llandeilo/Late Llandeilo/Middle Llandeilo/Early Llandeilo/Late Llanvirn									458.4
										Dobrotivian							458.5 *
										Oretanian							459.7 *
								Abereiddian/Early Llanvirn									461.3 *
											Sarka †						461.7 *
		Dapingian									Klabava †						467.3
										Arenigian							468
			Arenig					Fennian									468.4 *
							Rangerian										469.1 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian			Ibexian		Blackhillsian									Jeffersonian †	Cassinian †	470
							Blackhillsian	Whitlandian										471.1 *
				Tulean			473.9 *	Whitlandian
							Moridunian	474.3 *
		Tremadocian	Tremadoc				Migneintian	Tremadocian			477.7
				Stairsian			Migneintian				480.3 *
				Stairsian			Cressagian				480.8 *
				Skullrockian			Cressagian				Demingian †						482 *
											Demingian †						485 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10														Merioneth	Dolgellian/Trempealeauan		485.4
																	Dolgellian/Trempealeauan		487.5
																	Festiniogian		489.2 *
		Jiangshanian															Festiniogian		489.5
		Jiangshanian															Maentwrogian		493.1 *
		Paibian															Maentwrogian		494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian														St Davids			497
		Drumian																	500.5
		Wuliuan																	504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4														Caerfai			509
	Series 2	Stage 3																	514
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2																	521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian																	529
																				538.8