PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
M. Kretzoi. 1942. Necroteuthis n. g. (Ceph. Dibr., Necroteuthidae N. F.) aus dem Oligozän von Budapest und das system der Dibranchiata. Földtani Közlöny 72:125-238 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
J. Meng and M. C. McKenna. 1998. Faunal turnovers of Paleogene mammals from the Mongolian Plateau. Nature 394:364-367 view
M. O. Woodburne. 1987. A prospectus of the North American Mammal Ages. In: Woodburne, M. O. (ed.), Cenozoic Mammals of North America. University of California Press, Berkelery, CA 285-290 view
J. Alroy. 2000. New methods for quantifying macroevolutionary patterns and processes. Paleobiology 26(4):707-733 view
M. Harzhauser and W. E. Piller. 2004. Integrated stratigraphy of the Sarmatian (Upper Middle Miocene) in the western Central Paratethys. Stratigraphy 1(1):65-86 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126778 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Ordovician of North America						Silurian Ages of Europe	Paleogene Mammal Ages of Asia		North American Mammal Subages/Zones			Central Paratethys Stages	Cenozoic Subepochs
Quaternary	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene										Sheridanian				Late Pleistocene	0.0117
		Chibanian										Sheridanian				Middle Pleistocene	0.129
		Chibanian										Cudahyan/Sappan				Middle Pleistocene	0.21
		Calabrian										Cudahyan/Sappan				Early Pleistocene	0.774
		Calabrian										Senecan/Rexroadian					1.4
		Gelasian															1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian														Late Pliocene	2.58
		Zanclean														Early Pliocene	3.6
		Zanclean										Late Hemphillian/late Early Hemphillian/early Early Hemphillian				Early Pliocene	4.7
	Miocene	Messinian														Late Miocene	5.333
		Tortonian													Pannonian		7.246
		Tortonian										Late Clarendonian/Early Clarendonian			Pannonian		9.4
		Serravallian										Late Clarendonian/Early Clarendonian			Sarmatian	Middle Miocene	11.63
												late Late Barstovian/early Late Barstovian/Early Barstovian			Sarmatian		12.5
															Badenian		12.8 *
		Langhian															13.82
		Burdigalian														Early Miocene	15.98
												Late Hemingfordian/Early Hemingfordian					16.3
												late Late Arikareean/early Late Arikareean/late Early Arikareean/early Early Arikareean	Harrisonian				18.5
		Aquitanian															20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian								Tabenbulakian	Hsandagolian					Late Oligocene	23.03
													Monroecreekian				23.1 *
													Geringian				24.7 *
		Rupelian								Kekeamuan			Geringian			Early Oligocene	27.82
		Rupelian								Kekeamuan						Early Oligocene	29.5
	Eocene	Priabonian								Houldjinian/Ergilian/Ulangochuian		Late Chadronian/Middle Chadronian/Early Chadronian				Late Eocene	33.9
		Priabonian								Houldjinian/Ergilian/Ulangochuian						Late Eocene	37
		Bartonian								Sharamurunian/Irdinmanhan/Arshantan						Middle Eocene	37.71
		Bartonian										Late Uintan/Early Uintan					39.7
		Lutetian										Late Uintan/Early Uintan					41.2
		Lutetian										Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian					46.2
		Ypresian									Bumbanian	Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian				Early Eocene	47.8
												Lostcabinian/Lysitean/Graybullian/Sandcouleean					50.5
														Cf3/Cf2/Cf1			54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian								Gashatan				Cf3/Cf2/Cf1		Late Paleocene	56
		Thanetian								Gashatan				Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1		Late Paleocene	56.2
		Selandian												Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1		Middle Paleocene	59.2
		Selandian												To3/To2/To1		Middle Paleocene	60.9
		Danian												To3/To2/To1		Early Paleocene	61.6
		Danian												Pu3/Pu2/Pu1		Early Paleocene	63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian															66
		Campanian															72.1
		Santonian															83.6
		Coniacian															86.3
		Turonian															89.8
		Cenomanian															93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian															100.5
		Aptian															113
		Barremian															121.4
		Hauterivian															125.77
		Valanginian															132.6
		Berriasian															139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian															145
		Kimmeridgian															149.2
		Oxfordian															154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian															161.5
		Bathonian															165.3
		Bajocian															168.2
		Aalenian															170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian															174.7
		Pliensbachian															184.2
		Sinemurian															192.9
		Hettangian															199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian															201.4
		Norian	208.5
		Carnian	227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian	237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian	242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian	247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan	251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian	251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian	254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian	259.51
		Wordian	264.28
		Roadian	266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian	273.01
		Artinskian	283.5
		Sakmarian	290.1
		Asselian	293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian	298.9
		Kasimovian	303.7
		Moscovian	307
		Bashkirian	315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian	323.2
		Visean	330.9
		Tournaisian	346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian	358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian	372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian	382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian	387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian	393.3
		Pragian	407.6
		Lochkovian	410.8
Silurian	Pridoli		419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian	423
	Ludlow	Gorstian	425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian	Gleedonian	427.4
		Homerian	Whitwellian	429.7 *
		Sheinwoodian		430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian		433.4
		Aeronian		438.5
		Rhuddanian		440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian		Cincinnatian	Gamachian	Kosovian	443.8
		Katian			Gamachian	Kralodvorian	Bohdalec †	445.2
					Richmondian	Kralodvorian		446 *
					Richmondian	Berounian		449.7 *
					Maysvillian			Rocklandian †/Shermanian/Ashbyan/Kirkfieldian/Blackriveran/Wildernessian/Trentonian/Franklinian	449.8 *
					Edenian				450.4 *
				Mohawkian	Chatfieldian				451.1 *
		Sandbian			Chatfieldian				453
					Turinian				453.7 *
					Turinian				Zahorany †/Vinice	Letna †	456.2 *
				Whiterockian				Canadian †	Zahorany †/Vinice		Chazyan †/Marmor	457 *
							Liben †					458 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian										458.4
						Dobrotivian						458.5 *
						Oretanian						459.7 *
							Sarka †					461.7 *
		Dapingian					Klabava †					467.3
						Arenigian						468
					Rangerian							469.1 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian		Ibexian	Blackhillsian						Jeffersonian †	Cassinian †	470
		Floian			Tulean								473.9 *
		Tremadocian			Tulean	Tremadocian							477.7
					Stairsian								480.3 *
					Skullrockian							Demingian †	482 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10			Skullrockian								485.4
																	487.5