PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
M. Kretzoi. 1942. Necroteuthis n. g. (Ceph. Dibr., Necroteuthidae N. F.) aus dem Oligozän von Budapest und das system der Dibranchiata. Földtani Közlöny 72:125-238 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view
J. Meng and M. C. McKenna. 1998. Faunal turnovers of Paleogene mammals from the Mongolian Plateau. Nature 394:364-367 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126914 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale					Ordovician of North America						Devonian of France	Ordovician of Britain				Permian of the Russian Platform		Obsolete Precambrian Ages		Permian of China	North American Land Mammal Ages	Cambrian of West Avalonia	Paleogene Mammal Ages of Asia
Phanerozoic	Cenozoic	Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan																	Saintaugustinean				0
				Meghalayan																	Santarosean				0.0004
				Northgrippian																					0.0042
				Greenlandian																					0.0082
			Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene																					0.0117
				Late Pleistocene																	Rancholabrean				0.014
				Chibanian																	Rancholabrean				0.129
				Chibanian																	Irvingtonian				0.21
				Calabrian																	Irvingtonian				0.774
				Calabrian																	Blancan				1.4
				Gelasian																					1.8
		Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian																					2.58
				Zanclean																					3.6
				Zanclean																	Hemphillian				4.7
			Miocene	Messinian																					5.333
				Tortonian																					7.246
				Tortonian																	Clarendonian				9.4
				Serravallian																	Clarendonian				11.63
				Serravallian																	Barstovian				12.5
				Langhian																					13.82
				Burdigalian																					15.98
																					Hemingfordian				16.3
																					Arikareean				18.5
				Aquitanian																					20.44
		Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian																			Tabenbulakian	Hsandagolian	23.03
				Rupelian																			Kekeamuan		27.82
																					Whitneyan				29.5
																					Orellan				31.8
			Eocene	Priabonian																	Chadronian		Houldjinian/Ergilian/Ulangochuian		33.9
				Priabonian																	Duchesnean		Houldjinian/Ergilian/Ulangochuian		37
				Bartonian																	Duchesnean		Sharamurunian/Irdinmanhan/Arshantan		37.71
				Bartonian																	Uintan				39.7
				Lutetian																	Uintan				41.2
				Lutetian																	Bridgerian				46.2
				Ypresian																	Bridgerian			Bumbanian	47.8
																					Wasatchian				50.5
																					Clarkforkian				54.9
			Paleocene	Thanetian																	Clarkforkian		Gashatan		56
				Thanetian																	Tiffanian		Gashatan		56.2
				Selandian																	Tiffanian				59.2
				Selandian																	Torrejonian				60.9
				Danian																	Torrejonian				61.6
				Danian																	Puercan				63.8
	Mesozoic	Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian																					66
				Campanian																					72.1
				Santonian																					83.6
				Coniacian																					86.3
				Turonian																					89.8
				Cenomanian																					93.9
			Early Cretaceous	Albian																					100.5
				Aptian																					113
				Barremian																					121.4
				Hauterivian																					125.77
				Valanginian																					132.6
				Berriasian																					139.8
		Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian																					145
				Kimmeridgian																					149.2
				Oxfordian																					154.8
			Middle Jurassic	Callovian																					161.5
				Bathonian																					165.3
				Bajocian																					168.2
				Aalenian																					170.9
			Early Jurassic	Toarcian																					174.7
				Pliensbachian																					184.2
Sinemurian				192.9
Hettangian				199.5
Triassic		Late Triassic	Rhaetian	201.4
			Norian	208.5
			Carnian	227
		Middle Triassic	Ladinian	237
		Middle Triassic	Anisian	242
		Early Triassic	Olenekian	247.2
		Early Triassic	Induan	251.2
Paleozoic	Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian	Meishanian	251.902
			Changhsingian	Baoqingian	253.4 *
			Wuchiapingian	Laoshanian	254.14
				Laoshanian	Tatarian	Vyatkian	256.8 *
				Laibinian		Vyatkian	257.7 *
		Guadalupian	Capitanian	Severodvinian		Lengwuan	259.51
			Wordian	Urzhumian		Kuhfengian	264.28
			Roadian	Kazanian	Povolzhian		266.9
			Roadian	Kazanian	Sokian		270.7 *
		Cisuralian	Kungurian	Kungurian	Irenian/Ufimian	Luodianian	273.01
					Filipovian		276.5 *
					Saraninian		280.1 *
			Artinskian	Artinskian	Sarginian		283.5
					Sarginian	Longlinian	285.4 *
					Irginian		285.9 *
					Burtsevian		287.8 *
			Sakmarian	Sakmarian	Sterlitamakian		290.1
			Sakmarian	Sakmarian	Tastubian		291.7 *
			Asselian	Asselian	Shikhanian	Zisongian	293.52
					Uskalykian		294.8
					Surenian		297.5
	Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian				298.9
			Gzhelian				300.1
			Kasimovian				303.7
			Moscovian				307
			Bashkirian				315.2
		Mississippian	Serpukhovian				323.2
			Visean				330.9
			Tournaisian				346.7
	Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian				Famennian	358.9
		Late Devonian	Frasnian				Frasnian	372.2
		Middle Devonian	Givetian				Givetian	382.7
		Middle Devonian	Eifelian				Couvinien	387.7
		Early Devonian	Emsian					393.3
			Pragian					407.6
			Pragian				Coblencien	408.2 *
			Lochkovian				Gedinnine	410.8
	Silurian	Pridoli						419.2
		Ludlow	Ludfordian					423
		Ludlow	Gorstian					425.6
		Wenlock	Homerian					427.4
		Wenlock	Sheinwoodian					430.5
		Llandovery	Telychian					433.4
			Aeronian					438.5
			Rhuddanian					440.8
	Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian					Cincinnatian	Gamachian	Ashgill	Hirnantian	Kosovian	443.8
			Katian						Gamachian		Rawtheyan	Kralodvorian	Bohdalec †	445.2
									Richmondian		Rawtheyan			446 *
											Cautleyan			448.9 *
											Pusgillian			449.3 *
										Caradoc	Streffordian			Onnian †	449.6 *
												Berounian			449.7 *
									Maysvillian						Rocklandian †/Shermanian/Ashbyan/Kirkfieldian/Blackriveran/Wildernessian/Trentonian/Franklinian	449.8 *
									Edenian							450.4 *
								Mohawkian	Chatfieldian							451.1 *
											Cheneyan					451.5 *
											Burrellian					452.7 *
			Sandbian													453
														Actonian †		453.2 *
									Turinian					Actonian †		453.7 *
														Marshbrookian †		Woolstonian †	454.2 *
														Longvillian †			455.2 *
																	Zahorany †/Vinice	Letna †	456.2 *
											Aurelucian								456.8 *
Whiterockian									Canadian †						Chazyan †/Marmor				457 *
														Soudleyan †/Harnagian/Costonian					457.4 *
													Liben †	Soudleyan †/Harnagian/Costonian					458 *
		Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian							Llanvirn	Llandeilian/Llandeilo/Late Llandeilo/Middle Llandeilo/Early Llandeilo/Late Llanvirn								458.4
												Dobrotivian							458.5 *
												Oretanian							459.7 *
											Abereiddian/Early Llanvirn								461.3 *
													Sarka †						461.7 *
			Dapingian										Klabava †						467.3
												Arenigian							468
										Arenig	Fennian								468.4 *
								Rangerian											469.1 *
Early Ordovician		Floian	Ibexian					Blackhillsian							Jeffersonian †				Cassinian †	470
								Blackhillsian			Whitlandian									471.1 *
								Tulean			Whitlandian									473.9 *
											Moridunian									474.3 *
		Tremadocian								Tremadoc	Migneintian	Tremadocian								477.7
								Stairsian			Migneintian									480.3 *
								Stairsian			Cressagian									480.8 *
								Skullrockian			Cressagian								Demingian †	482 *
																			Demingian †	485 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10													485.4
		Stage 10						487.5
		Jiangshanian						489.5
		Paibian						494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian						497
		Guzhangian						Arcadian							498.4
		Drumian													500.5
		Wuliuan													504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4						Branchian							509
		Stage 3						Branchian							514
		Stage 3						Placentian							517.1
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2													521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian													529
Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran																	Vendian †	Poundian †		538.8
Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran																	Vendian †	Wonokan †		571.7 *
																									635