PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
M. Kretzoi. 1942. Necroteuthis n. g. (Ceph. Dibr., Necroteuthidae N. F.) aus dem Oligozän von Budapest und das system der Dibranchiata. Földtani Közlöny 72:125-238 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view
J. Meng and M. C. McKenna. 1998. Faunal turnovers of Paleogene mammals from the Mongolian Plateau. Nature 394:364-367 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126848 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Ordovician of North America						Carboniferous of Western Europe		Cretaceous-Cenozoic of New Zealand		Paleogene Mammal Ages of Asia		Silurian of the Baltic	Cambrian of Australia
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan									Wanganui	Haweran					0
		Northgrippian															0.0042
		Greenlandian															0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene															0.0117
		Chibanian															0.129
		Chibanian										Castlecliffian					0.34
		Calabrian										Castlecliffian					0.774
		Calabrian										Nukumaruan					1.63
		Gelasian										Nukumaruan					1.8
		Gelasian										Mangapanian					2.4
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian										Mangapanian					2.58
		Piacenzian										Waipipian					3
		Zanclean										Waipipian					3.6
		Zanclean										Opoitian					3.7
	Miocene	Messinian									Taranaki	Kapitean					5.333
		Messinian										Tongaporutuan					7.2
		Tortonian										Tongaporutuan					7.246
		Tortonian									Southland	Waiauan					11.04
		Serravallian										Waiauan					11.63
		Serravallian										Lillburnian					13.05
		Langhian										Lillburnian					13.82
												Clifdenian					15.1
											Pareora	Altonian					15.9
		Burdigalian										Altonian					15.98
		Burdigalian										Otaian					18.7
		Aquitanian										Otaian					20.44
		Aquitanian									Landon	Waitakian					21.7
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian										Waitakian	Tabenbulakian	Hsandagolian			23.03
												Duntroonian					25.2
												Whaingaroan					27.3
		Rupelian											Kekeamuan				27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian											Houldjinian/Ergilian/Ulangochuian				33.9
											Arnold	Runangan					34.6
												Kaiatan					36.7
		Bartonian										Kaiatan	Sharamurunian/Irdinmanhan/Arshantan				37.71
		Bartonian										Bortonian					39.1
		Lutetian										Bortonian					41.2
											Dannevirke	Porangan					42.6
												Heretaungan					45.7
		Ypresian										Heretaungan		Bumbanian			47.8
												Mangaorapan					48.9
												Waipawan					52
	Paleocene	Thanetian										Teurian	Gashatan				56
		Selandian															59.2
		Danian															61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian									Mata	Haumurian					66
		Campanian										Haumurian					72.1
		Santonian										Piripauan					83.6
		Santonian									Raukumara	Teratan					86.1
		Coniacian															86.3
		Turonian															89.8
												Mangaotanean					90.5
												Arowhanan					93.7
		Cenomanian										Arowhanan					93.9
											Clarence	Ngaterian					95.2
												Motuan					99.5
	Early Cretaceous	Albian										Motuan					100.5
												Urutawan					103.3
											Taitai	Korangan					108.4
		Aptian										Korangan					113
		Aptian															117.5
		Barremian															121.4
		Hauterivian															125.77
		Valanginian															132.6
		Berriasian	139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian		145
		Kimmeridgian		149.2
		Oxfordian		154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian		161.5
		Bathonian		165.3
		Bajocian		168.2
		Aalenian		170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian		174.7
		Pliensbachian		184.2
		Sinemurian		192.9
		Hettangian		199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian		201.4
		Norian		208.5
		Carnian		227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian		237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian		242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian		247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan		251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian		251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian		254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian		259.51
		Wordian		264.28
		Roadian		266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian		273.01
		Artinskian		283.5
		Sakmarian		290.1
		Asselian		293.52
		Asselian		Kuzel	297.7
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian		Kuzel	Mapingian †	298.9
				Stephanian		Stephanian C	300.3 *
						Stephanian B	300.9 *
						Stephanian A	301.4 *
		Kasimovian				Stephanian A	303.7
						Cantabrian	305 *
							305.9
		Moscovian					307
				Westphalian		Westphalian D	307.4 *
						Westphalian C	309.8
						Westphalian B	314.6
		Bashkirian				Westphalian B	315.2
						Westphalian A	317 *
				Namurian		Yeadonian	318.8 *
						Marsdenian	320.2 *
						Kinderscoutian	321.5 *
						Alportian	322 *
						Chokierian	323.1 *
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian				Chokierian	323.2
						Arnsbergian	324 *
						Pendleian	327.4 *
		Visean		Warnantian		Brigantian †	330.9
				Livian		Asbian †	336.3 *
				Moliniacian		Holkerian †/Arundian/Chadian	340.2 *
		Tournaisian		Ivorian			346.7
		Tournaisian		Hastarian			353.7 *
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian					358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian					372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian					382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian					387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian					393.3
		Pragian					407.6
		Lochkovian					410.8
Silurian	Pridoli						Ohesaare	419.2
	Pridoli						Kaugetuma	421.7 *
	Ludlow	Ludfordian					Kuressaare	423
		Ludfordian	Paadla				423.4 *
		Gorstian	Paadla				425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian	Rootsikula				427.4
		Homerian	Jaagarahu				429.2 *
		Sheinwoodian	Jaagarahu				430.5
		Sheinwoodian	Jaani				431.8 *
	Llandovery	Telychian	Jaani				433.4
		Telychian	Adavere				434 *
		Aeronian	Adavere				438.5
		Aeronian	Raikkula				439.4 *
		Rhuddanian	Raikkula				440.8
		Rhuddanian	Juuru				441.4 *
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian	Cincinnatian				Gamachian		Kosovian	443.8
		Katian					Gamachian		Kralodvorian	Bohdalec †	445.2
							Richmondian		Kralodvorian		446 *
							Richmondian		Berounian		449.7 *
							Maysvillian				Rocklandian †/Shermanian/Ashbyan/Kirkfieldian/Blackriveran/Wildernessian/Trentonian/Franklinian	449.8 *
							Edenian					450.4 *
			Mohawkian				Chatfieldian					451.1 *
		Sandbian					Chatfieldian					453
							Turinian					453.7 *
							Turinian					Zahorany †/Vinice	Letna †	456.2 *
			Whiterockian								Canadian †	Zahorany †/Vinice		Chazyan †/Marmor	457 *
										Liben †					458 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian													458.4
									Dobrotivian						458.5 *
									Oretanian						459.7 *
										Sarka †					461.7 *
		Dapingian								Klabava †					467.3
									Arenigian						468
							Rangerian								469.1 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian	Ibexian				Blackhillsian							Jeffersonian †	Cassinian †	470
		Floian					Tulean									473.9 *
		Tremadocian					Tulean		Tremadocian							477.7
					Stairsian		480.3 *
					Skullrockian		Demingian †								482 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10												Datsonian		485.4
														Payntonian		486.8 *
														Payntonian		487.5
		Jiangshanian												Iverian		489.5
		Paibian												Idamean		494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian												Mindyallan		497
		Guzhangian												Boomerangian		499
		Drumian												Undillan		500.5
		Drumian												Floran		503
		Wuliuan												Templetonian		504.5
		Wuliuan												Ordian		507.8 *
	Series 2	Stage 4												Ordian		509
																	510.8 *