PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
M. Kretzoi. 1942. Necroteuthis n. g. (Ceph. Dibr., Necroteuthidae N. F.) aus dem Oligozän von Budapest und das system der Dibranchiata. Földtani Közlöny 72:125-238 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
D. H. Erwin and S. A. Bowring. 2004. Cambrian time scale. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view
J. Meng and M. C. McKenna. 1998. Faunal turnovers of Paleogene mammals from the Mongolian Plateau. Nature 394:364-367 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126894 collections

Show more time

Show linear time

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale					Ordovician of North America						Carboniferous of Western Europe		Cambrian of Siberia			Permian of the Russian Platform		Obsolete Precambrian Ages		Permian of China	North American Land Mammal Ages	Cambrian of West Avalonia	Paleogene Mammal Ages of Asia
Phanerozoic	Cenozoic	Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan																	Saintaugustinean				0
				Meghalayan																	Santarosean				0.0004
				Northgrippian																					0.0042
				Greenlandian																					0.0082
			Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene																					0.0117
				Late Pleistocene																	Rancholabrean				0.014
				Chibanian																	Rancholabrean				0.129
				Chibanian																	Irvingtonian				0.21
				Calabrian																	Irvingtonian				0.774
				Calabrian																	Blancan				1.4
				Gelasian																					1.8
		Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian																					2.58
				Zanclean																					3.6
				Zanclean																	Hemphillian				4.7
			Miocene	Messinian																					5.333
				Tortonian																					7.246
				Tortonian																	Clarendonian				9.4
				Serravallian																	Clarendonian				11.63
				Serravallian																	Barstovian				12.5
				Langhian																					13.82
				Burdigalian																					15.98
																					Hemingfordian				16.3
																					Arikareean				18.5
				Aquitanian																					20.44
		Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian																			Tabenbulakian	Hsandagolian	23.03
				Rupelian																			Kekeamuan		27.82
																					Whitneyan				29.5
																					Orellan				31.8
			Eocene	Priabonian																	Chadronian		Houldjinian/Ergilian/Ulangochuian		33.9
				Priabonian																	Duchesnean		Houldjinian/Ergilian/Ulangochuian		37
				Bartonian																	Duchesnean		Sharamurunian/Irdinmanhan/Arshantan		37.71
				Bartonian																	Uintan				39.7
				Lutetian																	Uintan				41.2
				Lutetian																	Bridgerian				46.2
				Ypresian																	Bridgerian			Bumbanian	47.8
																					Wasatchian				50.5
																					Clarkforkian				54.9
			Paleocene	Thanetian																	Clarkforkian		Gashatan		56
				Thanetian																	Tiffanian		Gashatan		56.2
				Selandian																	Tiffanian				59.2
				Selandian																	Torrejonian				60.9
				Danian																	Torrejonian				61.6
				Danian																	Puercan				63.8
	Mesozoic	Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian																					66
				Campanian																					72.1
				Santonian																					83.6
				Coniacian																					86.3
				Turonian																					89.8
				Cenomanian																					93.9
			Early Cretaceous	Albian																					100.5
				Aptian																					113
				Barremian																					121.4
				Hauterivian																					125.77
				Valanginian																					132.6
				Berriasian																					139.8
		Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian																					145
				Kimmeridgian																					149.2
				Oxfordian																					154.8
			Middle Jurassic	Callovian																					161.5
				Bathonian																					165.3
				Bajocian																					168.2
				Aalenian																					170.9
			Early Jurassic	Toarcian																					174.7
				Pliensbachian																					184.2
Sinemurian				192.9
Hettangian				199.5
Triassic		Late Triassic	Rhaetian	201.4
			Norian	208.5
			Carnian	227
		Middle Triassic	Ladinian	237
		Middle Triassic	Anisian	242
		Early Triassic	Olenekian	247.2
		Early Triassic	Induan	251.2
Paleozoic	Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian	Meishanian	251.902
			Changhsingian	Baoqingian	253.4 *
			Wuchiapingian	Laoshanian	254.14
				Laoshanian	Tatarian	Vyatkian	256.8 *
				Laibinian		Vyatkian	257.7 *
		Guadalupian	Capitanian	Severodvinian		Lengwuan	259.51
			Wordian	Urzhumian		Kuhfengian	264.28
			Roadian	Kazanian	Povolzhian		266.9
			Roadian	Kazanian	Sokian		270.7 *
		Cisuralian	Kungurian	Kungurian	Irenian/Ufimian	Luodianian	273.01
					Filipovian		276.5 *
					Saraninian		280.1 *
			Artinskian	Artinskian	Sarginian		283.5
					Sarginian	Longlinian	285.4 *
					Irginian		285.9 *
					Burtsevian		287.8 *
			Sakmarian	Sakmarian	Sterlitamakian		290.1
			Sakmarian	Sakmarian	Tastubian		291.7 *
			Asselian	Asselian	Shikhanian	Zisongian	293.52
					Uskalykian		294.8
					Surenian		297.5
					Surenian		Kuzel	297.7
	Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian					298.9
								300.1
							Stephanian	Stephanian C	300.3 *
								Stephanian B	300.9 *
								Stephanian A	301.4 *
			Kasimovian					Stephanian A	303.7
			Kasimovian					Cantabrian	305 *
			Moscovian					Cantabrian	307
							Westphalian	Westphalian D	307.4 *
								Westphalian C	309.8
								Westphalian B	314.6
			Bashkirian					Westphalian B	315.2
								Westphalian A	317 *
							Namurian	Yeadonian	318.8 *
								Marsdenian	320.2 *
								Kinderscoutian	321.5 *
								Alportian	322 *
								Chokierian	323.1 *
		Mississippian	Serpukhovian					Chokierian	323.2
								Arnsbergian	324 *
								Pendleian	327.4 *
			Visean				Warnantian	Brigantian †	330.9
							Livian	Asbian †	336.3 *
							Moliniacian	Holkerian †/Arundian/Chadian	340.2 *
			Tournaisian				Ivorian		346.7
			Tournaisian				Hastarian		353.7 *
	Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian						358.9
		Late Devonian	Frasnian						372.2
		Middle Devonian	Givetian						382.7
		Middle Devonian	Eifelian						387.7
		Early Devonian	Emsian						393.3
			Pragian						407.6
			Lochkovian						410.8
	Silurian	Pridoli							419.2
		Ludlow	Ludfordian						423
		Ludlow	Gorstian						425.6
		Wenlock	Homerian						427.4
		Wenlock	Sheinwoodian						430.5
		Llandovery	Telychian						433.4
			Aeronian						438.5
			Rhuddanian						440.8
	Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian						Cincinnatian	Gamachian	Kosovian	443.8
Katian			Kralodvorian							Gamachian	Bohdalec †	445.2
			Kralodvorian							Richmondian		446 *
			Berounian							Richmondian		449.7 *
										Maysvillian		Rocklandian †/Shermanian/Ashbyan/Kirkfieldian/Blackriveran/Wildernessian/Trentonian/Franklinian	449.8 *
										Edenian			450.4 *
									Mohawkian	Chatfieldian			451.1 *
Sandbian										Chatfieldian			453
										Turinian			453.7 *
										Turinian			Zahorany †/Vinice	Letna †	456.2 *
									Whiterockian			Canadian †	Zahorany †/Vinice		Chazyan †/Marmor	457 *
											Liben †					458 *
Middle Ordovician		Darriwilian														458.4
			Dobrotivian													458.5 *
			Oretanian													459.7 *
											Sarka †					461.7 *
		Dapingian									Klabava †					467.3
			Arenigian													468
										Rangerian						469.1 *
Early Ordovician		Floian							Ibexian	Blackhillsian					Jeffersonian †	Cassinian †	470
		Floian								Tulean							473.9 *
		Tremadocian	Tremadocian							Tulean							477.7
										Stairsian							480.3 *
				Skullrockian	Demingian †					482 *
					Demingian †	Mansian †				483.55 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10								Batyrbaian		Tavgian †			Ketyan †/Yurakian		485.4
		Stage 10															487.5
		Jiangshanian															489.5
										Aksaian							490.7 *
										Sakian							492.2 *
		Paibian															494
		Paibian													Ensyan †/Maduan/Nganasanian		494.7 *
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian								Ayusokkanian							497
										Ayusokkanian							Arcadian	498.4
										Mayan/Menevian								499.5
		Drumian								Mayan/Menevian								500.5
		Wuliuan								Amgan/Solvan								504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4								Amgan/Solvan							Branchian	509
										Toyonian		Lenian †						510 *
										Botomian								512.5 *
		Stage 3								Botomian								514
										Atdabanian								515.6 *
										Atdabanian							Placentian	517.1
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2								Tommotian								521
		Stage 2								Nemakit-Daldynian								525.5
		Fortunian								Nemakit-Daldynian		Manykaian †						529
Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran																	Vendian †	Poundian †		538.8
Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran						Wonokan †											Vendian †	571.7 *
																									635