PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
M. Kretzoi. 1942. Necroteuthis n. g. (Ceph. Dibr., Necroteuthidae N. F.) aus dem Oligozän von Budapest und das system der Dibranchiata. Földtani Közlöny 72:125-238 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
P. L. Gibbard, M. J. Head, and M. J. C. Walker. 2010. Formal ratification of the Quaternary System/Period and the Pleistocene Series/Epoch with a base at 2.58 Ma. Journal of Quaternary Science 25(2):96-102 view
F. F. Steininger, W. A. Berggren, D. V. Kent, R. L. Bernor, S. Sen and J. Agusti. 1996. Circum-Mediterranean Neogene (Miocene and Pliocene) marine-continental chronologic correlations of European mammal units. The Evolution of Western Eurasian Neogene Mammal Faunas (eds. R. L. Bernor, V. Fahlbusch, and H.-W. Mittmann) view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126884 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Ordovician of North America						Permian of China	Cenozoic Subepochs of Southern Europe	European Faunal Units	Cambrian Epochs	Cretaceous Subepochs	Cretaceous-Cenozoic of New Zealand
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan												Wanganui	Haweran	0
		Northgrippian														0.0042
		Greenlandian														0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene								Tarantian						0.0117
		Chibanian								Ionian						0.129
		Chibanian								Ionian					Castlecliffian	0.34
		Calabrian													Castlecliffian	0.774
		Calabrian													Nukumaruan	1.63
		Gelasian													Nukumaruan	1.8
		Gelasian													Mangapanian	2.4
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian									Villanyian				Mangapanian	2.58
											Villanyian				Waipipian	3
											Ruscinian					3.1 *
		Zanclean														3.6
		Zanclean													Opoitian	3.7
	Miocene	Messinian									Turolian			Taranaki	Kapitean	5.333
		Messinian													Tongaporutuan	7.2
		Tortonian														7.246
											Vallesian					8.7
											Vallesian			Southland	Waiauan	11.04
		Serravallian									Astaracian				Waiauan	11.63
		Serravallian													Lillburnian	13.05
		Langhian													Lillburnian	13.82
															Clifdenian	15.1
														Pareora	Altonian	15.9
		Burdigalian									Orleanian				Altonian	15.98
											Orleanian				Otaian	18.7
											Agenian					20
		Aquitanian														20.44
		Aquitanian												Landon	Waitakian	21.7
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian													Waitakian	23.03
															Duntroonian	25.2
															Whaingaroan	27.3
		Rupelian														27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian														33.9
														Arnold	Runangan	34.6
															Kaiatan	36.7
		Bartonian													Kaiatan	37.71
		Bartonian													Bortonian	39.1
		Lutetian													Bortonian	41.2
														Dannevirke	Porangan	42.6
															Heretaungan	45.7
		Ypresian													Heretaungan	47.8
															Mangaorapan	48.9
															Waipawan	52
	Paleocene	Thanetian													Teurian	56
		Selandian														59.2
		Danian														61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian											Senonian	Mata	Haumurian	66
		Campanian													Haumurian	72.1
		Santonian													Piripauan	83.6
		Santonian												Raukumara	Teratan	86.1
		Coniacian														86.3
		Turonian														89.8
															Mangaotanean	90.5
															Arowhanan	93.7
		Cenomanian													Arowhanan	93.9
														Clarence	Ngaterian	95.2
															Motuan	99.5
	Early Cretaceous	Albian											Gallic		Motuan	100.5
															Urutawan	103.3
														Taitai	Korangan	108.4
		Aptian													Korangan	113
		Aptian														117.5
		Barremian	121.4
		Hauterivian	Neocomian	125.77
		Valanginian		132.6
		Berriasian		139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian			145
		Kimmeridgian			149.2
		Oxfordian			154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian			161.5
		Bathonian			165.3
		Bajocian			168.2
		Aalenian			170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian			174.7
		Pliensbachian			184.2
		Sinemurian			192.9
		Hettangian			199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian			201.4
		Norian			208.5
		Carnian			227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian			237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian			242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian			247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan			251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian			Meishanian	Dorashamian	251.902
		Changhsingian			Baoqingian	Dorashamian	253.4 *
		Wuchiapingian			Laoshanian	Dzhulfian	254.14
		Wuchiapingian			Laibinian	Dzhulfian	257.7 *
	Guadalupian	Capitanian			Lengwuan	Midian	259.51
		Wordian			Kuhfengian	Midian	264.28
		Wordian				Murgabian	266.2 *
		Roadian				Murgabian	266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian			Luodianian	Kubergandian	273.01
		Kungurian				Bolorian	279.8
		Artinskian					283.5
					Longlinian		285.4 *
						Yakhtashian	286
		Sakmarian				Sakmarian	290.1
		Asselian			Zisongian	Asselian	293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian			Zisongian		298.9
		Gzhelian					300.1
		Kasimovian					303.7
		Moscovian					307
		Bashkirian					315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian					323.2
		Visean					330.9
		Tournaisian					346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian					Famennian	358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian					Frasnian	372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian					Givetian	382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian					Couvinien	387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian						393.3
		Pragian						407.6
		Pragian					Coblencien	408.2 *
		Lochkovian					Gedinnine	410.8
Silurian	Pridoli							419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian						423
	Ludlow	Gorstian						425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian						427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian						430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian						433.4
		Aeronian						438.5
		Rhuddanian						440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian						Cincinnatian	Gamachian	443.8
		Katian							Gamachian	445.2
									Richmondian	446 *
									Maysvillian	Rocklandian †/Shermanian/Ashbyan/Kirkfieldian/Blackriveran/Wildernessian/Trentonian/Franklinian	449.8 *
									Edenian		450.4 *
								Mohawkian	Chatfieldian		451.1 *
		Sandbian							Chatfieldian		453
			Turinian	453.7 *
			Whiterockian					Canadian †	Chazyan †/Marmor	457 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian								458.4
		Dapingian								467.3
		Dapingian		Rangerian						469.1 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian	Ibexian	Blackhillsian					Jeffersonian †	Cassinian †	470
		Floian		Tulean							473.9 *
		Tremadocian		Tulean							477.7
				Stairsian							480.3 *
				Skullrockian						Demingian †	482 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10		Skullrockian							Late Cambrian	485.4
		Stage 10										487.5
		Jiangshanian										489.5
		Paibian										494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian									Middle Cambrian	497
		Drumian										500.5
		Wuliuan										504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4									Early Cambrian	509
	Series 2	Stage 3										514
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2										521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian										529
																538.8