PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
M. Kretzoi. 1942. Necroteuthis n. g. (Ceph. Dibr., Necroteuthidae N. F.) aus dem Oligozän von Budapest und das system der Dibranchiata. Földtani Közlöny 72:125-238 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
A. G. Sennikov and V. K. Golubev. 2006. Vyazniki Biotic Assemblage of the Terminal Permian. Paleontological Journal 40(suppl. 4):S475-S481 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view
F. F. Steininger, W. A. Berggren, D. V. Kent, R. L. Bernor, S. Sen and J. Agusti. 1996. Circum-Mediterranean Neogene (Miocene and Pliocene) marine-continental chronologic correlations of European mammal units. The Evolution of Western Eurasian Neogene Mammal Faunas (eds. R. L. Bernor, V. Fahlbusch, and H.-W. Mittmann) view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 127017 collections

Show more time

Show linear time

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Ordovician of North America						Silurian of the Baltic	Ammonite Chrons of Northwest Europe		Ordovician of Britain			Cretaceous-Cenozoic of New Zealand		European Faunal Units
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan													Wanganui	Haweran		0
		Northgrippian																0.0042
		Greenlandian																0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene																0.0117
		Chibanian																0.129
		Chibanian														Castlecliffian		0.34
		Calabrian														Castlecliffian		0.774
		Calabrian														Nukumaruan		1.63
		Gelasian														Nukumaruan		1.8
		Gelasian														Mangapanian		2.4
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian														Mangapanian	Villanyian	2.58
																Waipipian	Villanyian	3
																	Ruscinian	3.1 *
		Zanclean																3.6
		Zanclean														Opoitian		3.7
	Miocene	Messinian													Taranaki	Kapitean	Turolian	5.333
		Messinian														Tongaporutuan		7.2
		Tortonian																7.246
																	Vallesian	8.7
															Southland	Waiauan	Vallesian	11.04
		Serravallian														Waiauan	Astaracian	11.63
		Serravallian														Lillburnian		13.05
		Langhian														Lillburnian		13.82
																Clifdenian		15.1
															Pareora	Altonian		15.9
		Burdigalian														Altonian	Orleanian	15.98
																Otaian	Orleanian	18.7
																	Agenian	20
		Aquitanian																20.44
		Aquitanian													Landon	Waitakian		21.7
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian														Waitakian		23.03
																Duntroonian		25.2
																Whaingaroan		27.3
		Rupelian																27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian																33.9
															Arnold	Runangan		34.6
																Kaiatan		36.7
		Bartonian														Kaiatan		37.71
		Bartonian														Bortonian		39.1
		Lutetian														Bortonian		41.2
															Dannevirke	Porangan		42.6
																Heretaungan		45.7
		Ypresian														Heretaungan		47.8
																Mangaorapan		48.9
																Waipawan		52
	Paleocene	Thanetian														Teurian		56
		Selandian																59.2
		Danian																61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian													Mata	Haumurian		66
		Campanian														Haumurian		72.1
		Santonian														Piripauan		83.6
		Santonian													Raukumara	Teratan		86.1
		Coniacian																86.3
		Turonian																89.8
																Mangaotanean		90.5
																Arowhanan		93.7
		Cenomanian														Arowhanan		93.9
															Clarence	Ngaterian		95.2
																Motuan		99.5
	Early Cretaceous	Albian														Motuan		100.5
																Urutawan		103.3
															Taitai	Korangan		108.4
		Aptian														Korangan		113
		Aptian																117.5
		Barremian	121.4
		Hauterivian	125.77
		Valanginian	132.6
		Berriasian	139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian		145
		Kimmeridgian		149.2
		Oxfordian		154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian		161.5
		Bathonian		165.3
		Bajocian		Parkinsoni/Garantiana/Subfurcatum/Sauzei/Laeviuscula/Discites	168.2
		Bajocian			Humphresianum	168.4
		Aalenian		Concavum/Murchisonae/Opalinum		170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian		Levesquei/Variabilis/Bifrons	Thouarsense	174.7
				Levesquei/Variabilis/Bifrons		180.1
				Serpentinum/Falciferum/Tenuicostatum		182
		Pliensbachian		Spinatum/Margaritatus/Davoei/Ibex/Jamesoni		184.2
		Sinemurian		Raricostatum/Oxynotum/Obtusum/Turneri/Semicostatum/Bucklandi		192.9
		Hettangian		Angulata/Liasicus/Planorbis		199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian				201.4
		Norian				208.5
		Carnian				227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian				237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian				242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian				Vokhmian	247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan				Vokhmian	251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian					251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian				Late Vyatkian/Early Vyatkian	254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian				Late Severodvinian/Early Severodvinian	259.51
		Wordian				Late Urzhumian/Early Urzhumian	264.28
		Roadian				Late Kazanian/Early Kazanian	266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian					273.01
		Artinskian					283.5
		Sakmarian					290.1
		Asselian					293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian					298.9
		Kasimovian					303.7
		Moscovian					307
		Bashkirian					315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian					323.2
		Visean					330.9
		Tournaisian					346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian					358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian					372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian					382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian					387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian					393.3
		Pragian					407.6
		Lochkovian					410.8
Silurian	Pridoli						Ohesaare	419.2
	Pridoli						Kaugetuma	421.7 *
	Ludlow	Ludfordian					Kuressaare	423
		Ludfordian					Paadla	423.4 *
		Gorstian					Paadla	425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian					Rootsikula	427.4
		Homerian					Jaagarahu	429.2 *
		Sheinwoodian					Jaagarahu	430.5
		Sheinwoodian					Jaani	431.8 *
	Llandovery	Telychian					Jaani	433.4
		Telychian					Adavere	434 *
		Aeronian					Adavere	438.5
		Aeronian					Raikkula	439.4 *
		Rhuddanian					Raikkula	440.8
		Rhuddanian					Juuru	441.4 *
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian					Cincinnatian	Gamachian	Ashgill	Hirnantian	Bolindian	443.8
		Katian						Gamachian		Rawtheyan		445.2
								Richmondian		Rawtheyan		446 *
										Cautleyan		448.9 *
										Cautleyan	Eastonian	449 *
			Pusgillian							449.3 *
			Caradoc						Streffordian	Onnian †		449.6 *
								Maysvillian				Rocklandian †/Shermanian/Ashbyan/Kirkfieldian/Blackriveran/Wildernessian/Trentonian/Franklinian	449.8 *
								Edenian					450.4 *
							Mohawkian	Chatfieldian					451.1 *
									Cheneyan				451.5 *
									Cheneyan		Gisbornian		452 *
									Burrellian				452.7 *
		Sandbian											453
					Actonian †					453.2 *
					Actonian †			Turinian		453.7 *
					Marshbrookian †					Woolstonian †			454.2 *
					Longvillian †								455.2 *
									Aurelucian				456.8 *
				Whiterockian				Canadian †				Chazyan †/Marmor	457 *
					Soudleyan †/Harnagian/Costonian								457.4 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian	Llanvirn		Llandeilian/Llandeilo/Late Llandeilo/Middle Llandeilo/Early Llandeilo/Late Llanvirn						Darriwilian		458.4
		Darriwilian			Abereiddian/Early Llanvirn						Darriwilian		461.3 *
		Dapingian			Abereiddian/Early Llanvirn						Yapeenian		467.3
			Arenig		Fennian						Yapeenian		468.4 *
											Castlemainian		468.5 *
							Rangerian				Castlemainian		469.1 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian		Ibexian			Blackhillsian				Jeffersonian †	Cassinian †	Chewtonian	470
					Whitlandian								Chewtonian	471.1 *
													Bendigonian	471.8 *
													Lancefieldian	473.5 *
						Tulean	473.9 *
					Moridunian		474.3 *
		Tremadocian	Tremadoc		Migneintian		477.7
					Migneintian	Stairsian	480.3 *
					Cressagian	Stairsian	480.8 *
						Skullrockian	Demingian †					482 *
												Warendian	482.8 *
												Warendian	485 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10											485.4
		Stage 10											487.5
		Jiangshanian											489.5
		Paibian											494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian											497
		Guzhangian											Arcadian	498.4
		Drumian												500.5
		Wuliuan												504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4											Branchian	509
		Stage 3											Branchian	514
		Stage 3											Placentian	517.1
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2												521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian												529
																		538.8