PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
M. Kretzoi. 1942. Necroteuthis n. g. (Ceph. Dibr., Necroteuthidae N. F.) aus dem Oligozän von Budapest und das system der Dibranchiata. Földtani Közlöny 72:125-238 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view
M. O. Woodburne. 1987. A prospectus of the North American Mammal Ages. In: Woodburne, M. O. (ed.), Cenozoic Mammals of North America. University of California Press, Berkelery, CA 285-290 view
J. Alroy. 2000. New methods for quantifying macroevolutionary patterns and processes. Paleobiology 26(4):707-733 view
J. Meng and M. C. McKenna. 1998. Faunal turnovers of Paleogene mammals from the Mongolian Plateau. Nature 394:364-367 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126973 collections

Show more time

Show linear time

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale					Ordovician of North America							Carboniferous of North America	Ordovician of the Baltic				North American Mammal Subages/Zones			Paleogene Mammal Ages of Asia		Cenozoic Subepochs
Phanerozoic	Cenozoic	Quaternary	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene													Sheridanian					Late Pleistocene	0.0117
				Chibanian													Sheridanian					Middle Pleistocene	0.129
				Chibanian													Cudahyan/Sappan					Middle Pleistocene	0.21
				Calabrian													Cudahyan/Sappan					Early Pleistocene	0.774
				Calabrian													Senecan/Rexroadian						1.4
				Gelasian																			1.8
		Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian																		Late Pliocene	2.58
				Zanclean																		Early Pliocene	3.6
				Zanclean													Late Hemphillian/late Early Hemphillian/early Early Hemphillian					Early Pliocene	4.7
			Miocene	Messinian																		Late Miocene	5.333
				Tortonian																			7.246
				Tortonian													Late Clarendonian/Early Clarendonian						9.4
				Serravallian													Late Clarendonian/Early Clarendonian					Middle Miocene	11.63
				Serravallian													late Late Barstovian/early Late Barstovian/Early Barstovian						12.5
				Langhian																			13.82
				Burdigalian																		Early Miocene	15.98
																	Late Hemingfordian/Early Hemingfordian						16.3
																	late Late Arikareean/early Late Arikareean/late Early Arikareean/early Early Arikareean	Harrisonian					18.5
				Aquitanian																			20.44
		Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian																Tabenbulakian	Hsandagolian	Late Oligocene	23.03
																		Monroecreekian					23.1 *
																		Geringian					24.7 *
				Rupelian														Geringian		Kekeamuan		Early Oligocene	27.82
				Rupelian																Kekeamuan		Early Oligocene	29.5
			Eocene	Priabonian													Late Chadronian/Middle Chadronian/Early Chadronian			Houldjinian/Ergilian/Ulangochuian		Late Eocene	33.9
				Priabonian																Houldjinian/Ergilian/Ulangochuian		Late Eocene	37
				Bartonian																Sharamurunian/Irdinmanhan/Arshantan		Middle Eocene	37.71
				Bartonian													Late Uintan/Early Uintan						39.7
				Lutetian													Late Uintan/Early Uintan						41.2
				Lutetian													Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian						46.2
				Ypresian													Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian				Bumbanian	Early Eocene	47.8
																	Lostcabinian/Lysitean/Graybullian/Sandcouleean						50.5
																			Cf3/Cf2/Cf1				54.9
			Paleocene	Thanetian															Cf3/Cf2/Cf1	Gashatan		Late Paleocene	56
				Thanetian															Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1	Gashatan		Late Paleocene	56.2
				Selandian															Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1			Middle Paleocene	59.2
				Selandian															To3/To2/To1			Middle Paleocene	60.9
				Danian															To3/To2/To1			Early Paleocene	61.6
				Danian															Pu3/Pu2/Pu1			Early Paleocene	63.8
	Mesozoic	Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian																			66
				Campanian																			72.1
				Santonian																			83.6
				Coniacian																			86.3
				Turonian																			89.8
				Cenomanian																			93.9
			Early Cretaceous	Albian																			100.5
				Aptian																			113
				Barremian																			121.4
				Hauterivian																			125.77
				Valanginian																			132.6
				Berriasian																			139.8
		Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian																			145
				Kimmeridgian																			149.2
				Oxfordian																			154.8
			Middle Jurassic	Callovian																			161.5
				Bathonian																			165.3
				Bajocian																			168.2
				Aalenian																			170.9
			Early Jurassic	Toarcian																			174.7
				Pliensbachian																			184.2
				Sinemurian																			192.9
				Hettangian																			199.5
		Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian																			201.4
				Norian																			208.5
Carnian				227
Middle Triassic			Ladinian	237
Middle Triassic			Anisian	242
Early Triassic			Olenekian	247.2
Early Triassic			Induan	251.2
Paleozoic	Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian	251.902
			Wuchiapingian	254.14
			Wuchiapingian	Tatarian	Vyatkian	256.8 *
		Guadalupian	Capitanian		Severodvinian	259.51
			Wordian		Urzhumian	264.28
			Roadian	Kazanian	Povolzhian	266.9
			Roadian	Kazanian	Sokian	270.7 *
		Cisuralian	Kungurian	Kungurian	Irenian/Ufimian	273.01
					Filipovian	276.5 *
					Saraninian	280.1 *
			Artinskian	Artinskian	Sarginian	283.5
					Irginian	285.9 *
					Burtsevian	287.8 *
			Sakmarian	Sakmarian	Sterlitamakian	290.1
			Sakmarian	Sakmarian	Tastubian	291.7 *
			Asselian	Asselian	Shikhanian	Bursumian †	293.52
					Uskalykian		294.8
					Surenian		297.5
	Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian			Virgilian	298.9
			Kasimovian			Missourian	303.7
			Kasimovian			Desmoinesian	305.9 *
			Moscovian			Desmoinesian	307
			Moscovian			Atokan	312.7 *
			Bashkirian			Atokan	315.2
			Bashkirian			Morrowan	318.4 *
		Mississippian	Serpukhovian			Chesterian	323.2
			Visean			Chesterian	330.9
						Meramecian	335.8 *
						Osagean	343.1 *
			Tournaisian			Osagean	346.7
			Tournaisian			Kinderhookian	351.9 *
	Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian				358.9
		Late Devonian	Frasnian				372.2
		Middle Devonian	Givetian				382.7
		Middle Devonian	Eifelian				387.7
		Early Devonian	Emsian				393.3
			Pragian				407.6
			Lochkovian				410.8
	Silurian	Pridoli					Ohesaare	419.2
		Pridoli					Kaugetuma	421.7 *
		Ludlow	Ludfordian				Kuressaare	423
			Ludfordian				Paadla	423.4 *
			Gorstian				Paadla	425.6
		Wenlock	Homerian				Rootsikula	427.4
			Homerian				Jaagarahu	429.2 *
			Sheinwoodian				Jaagarahu	430.5
			Sheinwoodian				Jaani	431.8 *
		Llandovery	Telychian				Jaani	433.4
			Telychian				Adavere	434 *
			Aeronian				Adavere	438.5
			Aeronian				Raikkula	439.4 *
			Rhuddanian				Raikkula	440.8
			Rhuddanian				Juuru	441.4 *
	Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian				Cincinnatian	Gamachian	Harju	Porkuni	443.8
			Katian					Gamachian		Pirgu	445.2
								Richmondian		Pirgu	446 *
								Richmondian		Vormsi	449.6 *
								Maysvillian		Vormsi	Rocklandian †/Shermanian/Ashbyan/Kirkfieldian/Blackriveran/Wildernessian/Trentonian/Franklinian	449.8 *
								Maysvillian		Nabala		Johvi †	450 *
								Edenian		Nabala			450.4 *
								Edenian	Viru	Rakvere			450.6 *
							Mohawkian	Chatfieldian		Rakvere			451.1 *
										Oandu			452 *
			Sandbian							Keila		Idavere †	453
Turinian								453.7 *		Keila
								Haljala		453.9
								Kukruse		456.4 *
Whiterockian								Kukruse		Canadian †	Chazyan †/Marmor		457 *
								Uhaku				Aluoja †	457.5 *
		Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian					Uhaku					458.4
								Lasnamagi					458.9 *
								Aseri					460.4 *
								Oeland	Kunda				462.9 *
									Kunda			Valaste †/Hunderum	464.3 *
									Volkhov				Langevoja †/Vaana/Saka	467.1 *
			Dapingian											467.3
							Rangerian							469.1 *
							Rangerian		Billingen					469.3 *
Early Ordovician		Floian	Ibexian				Blackhillsian				Jeffersonian †			Cassinian †	470
												Latorp †			470.1 *
									Hunneberg						473.7 *
							Tulean								473.9 *
		Tremadocian		Ungurian	477.7		Tulean
					Stairsian		480.3 *
					Stairsian		Varangu		481.3 *
					Skullrockian		Varangu		Demingian †					482 *
							Pakerort		Demingian †					482.2 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10					Pakerort					Batyrbaian		485.4
														486.3 *
														486.5
														487.5
		Jiangshanian												489.5
												Aksaian		490.7 *
												Sakian		492.2 *
		Paibian										Sakian		494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian				Ayusokkanian						497
		Guzhangian										499.5
		Drumian				Zhanaarykian						500.5
		Drumian				Tuesaian						503
		Wuliuan				Tuesaian						504.5
		Wuliuan										505.3
	Series 2	Stage 4										509
						Toyonian						510 *
						Botomian						512.5 *
		Stage 3				Botomian						514
		Stage 3				Atdabanian						515.6 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2				Tommotian						521
		Stage 2										525.5
		Fortunian										529
Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran													Vendian †	Poundian †	538.8
Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran													Vendian †	Wonokan †	571.7 *
																							635