PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
M. Kretzoi. 1942. Necroteuthis n. g. (Ceph. Dibr., Necroteuthidae N. F.) aus dem Oligozän von Budapest und das system der Dibranchiata. Földtani Közlöny 72:125-238 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
A. G. Sennikov and V. K. Golubev. 2006. Vyazniki Biotic Assemblage of the Terminal Permian. Paleontological Journal 40(suppl. 4):S475-S481 view
F. F. Steininger, W. A. Berggren, D. V. Kent, R. L. Bernor, S. Sen and J. Agusti. 1996. Circum-Mediterranean Neogene (Miocene and Pliocene) marine-continental chronologic correlations of European mammal units. The Evolution of Western Eurasian Neogene Mammal Faunas (eds. R. L. Bernor, V. Fahlbusch, and H.-W. Mittmann) view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 127017 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Ordovician of North America						Permian of the Russian Platform		Permo-Triassic Subages of Eastern Europe	European Faunal Units	Devonian of Czechoslovakia	Ordovician of Britain				Obsolete Carboniferous Ages of China	Carboniferous Subepochs
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian										Villanyian								2.58
		Piacenzian										Ruscinian								3.1 *
		Zanclean										Ruscinian								3.6
	Miocene	Messinian										Turolian								5.333
		Tortonian										Turolian								7.246
		Tortonian										Vallesian								8.7
		Serravallian										Astaracian								11.63
		Langhian										Astaracian								13.82
		Burdigalian										Orleanian								15.98
		Burdigalian										Agenian								20
		Aquitanian										Agenian								20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian																		23.03
	Oligocene	Rupelian																		27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian																		33.9
		Bartonian																		37.71
		Lutetian																		41.2
		Ypresian																		47.8
	Paleocene	Thanetian																		56
		Selandian																		59.2
		Danian																		61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian																		66
		Campanian																		72.1
		Santonian																		83.6
		Coniacian																		86.3
		Turonian																		89.8
		Cenomanian																		93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian																		100.5
		Aptian																		113
		Barremian																		121.4
		Hauterivian																		125.77
		Valanginian																		132.6
		Berriasian																		139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian																		145
		Kimmeridgian																		149.2
		Oxfordian																		154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian																		161.5
		Bathonian																		165.3
		Bajocian																		168.2
		Aalenian																		170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian																		174.7
		Pliensbachian																		184.2
		Sinemurian																		192.9
		Hettangian																		199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian																		201.4
		Norian																		208.5
		Carnian																		227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian																		237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian																		242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian									Vokhmian									247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan									Vokhmian									251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian																		251.902
		Wuchiapingian									Late Vyatkian/Early Vyatkian									254.14
		Wuchiapingian							Tatarian	Vyatkian	Late Vyatkian/Early Vyatkian									256.8 *
	Guadalupian	Capitanian								Severodvinian	Late Severodvinian/Early Severodvinian									259.51
		Wordian								Urzhumian	Late Urzhumian/Early Urzhumian									264.28
		Roadian							Kazanian	Povolzhian	Late Kazanian/Early Kazanian									266.9
		Roadian							Kazanian	Sokian	Late Kazanian/Early Kazanian									270.7 *
	Cisuralian	Kungurian							Kungurian	Irenian/Ufimian										273.01
										Filipovian										276.5 *
										Saraninian										280.1 *
		Artinskian							Artinskian	Sarginian										283.5
										Irginian										285.9 *
										Burtsevian										287.8 *
		Sakmarian							Sakmarian	Sterlitamakian										290.1
		Sakmarian	Tastubian	291.7 *					Sakmarian
		Asselian	Asselian	Shikhanian	293.52
				Uskalykian	294.8
				Surenian	297.5
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian			Mapingian †	Late Pennsylvanian	298.9
		Kasimovian			Mapingian †		303.7
		Kasimovian					305.9
		Moscovian				Middle Pennsylvanian	307
		Bashkirian				Early Pennsylvanian	315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian				Late Mississippian	323.2
		Visean				Middle Mississippian	330.9
		Tournaisian				Early Mississippian	346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian					Famennian	358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian					Frasnian	372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian					Srbsko	Givetian	382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian					Chotec	Couvinien	387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian					Daleje/Zlichovian		393.3
		Pragian					Pragian		407.6
		Pragian					Pragian	Coblencien	408.2 *
		Lochkovian					Lochkovian	Gedinnine	410.8
Silurian	Pridoli								419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian							423
	Ludlow	Gorstian							425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian							427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian							430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian							433.4
		Aeronian							438.5
		Rhuddanian							440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian							Cincinnatian	Gamachian		Ashgill	Hirnantian	443.8
		Katian								Gamachian			Rawtheyan	445.2
										Richmondian			Rawtheyan	446 *
													Cautleyan	448.9 *
													Pusgillian	449.3 *
												Caradoc	Streffordian	Onnian †	449.6 *
										Maysvillian					Rocklandian †/Shermanian/Ashbyan/Kirkfieldian/Blackriveran/Wildernessian/Trentonian/Franklinian	449.8 *
										Edenian						450.4 *
									Mohawkian	Chatfieldian						451.1 *
													Cheneyan			451.5 *
													Burrellian			452.7 *
		Sandbian														453
														Actonian †		453.2 *
										Turinian				Actonian †		453.7 *
														Marshbrookian †		Woolstonian †	454.2 *
														Longvillian †			455.2 *
													Aurelucian				456.8 *
									Whiterockian						Canadian †		Chazyan †/Marmor	457 *
														Soudleyan †/Harnagian/Costonian				457.4 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian										Llanvirn	Llandeilian/Llandeilo/Late Llandeilo/Middle Llandeilo/Early Llandeilo/Late Llanvirn					458.4
		Darriwilian											Abereiddian/Early Llanvirn					461.3 *
		Dapingian											Abereiddian/Early Llanvirn					467.3
												Arenig	Fennian					468.4 *
										Rangerian								469.1 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian							Ibexian	Blackhillsian							Jeffersonian †	Cassinian †	470
										Blackhillsian			Whitlandian						471.1 *
										Tulean			Whitlandian						473.9 *
													Moridunian						474.3 *
		Tremadocian										Tremadoc	Migneintian						477.7
										Stairsian	480.3 *		Migneintian
										Stairsian	Cressagian		480.8 *
										Skullrockian	Cressagian		Demingian †					482 *
													Demingian †					485 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10																485.4
																				487.5