PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
M. Kretzoi. 1942. Necroteuthis n. g. (Ceph. Dibr., Necroteuthidae N. F.) aus dem Oligozän von Budapest und das system der Dibranchiata. Földtani Közlöny 72:125-238 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 127356 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale					Ordovician of North America						Mesozoic Subages		Cretaceous Subepochs	Ordovician of the Baltic				Cretaceous-Cenozoic of New Zealand		Precambrian of Russia	Cambrian of North America	Ten Million Year Bins	Silurian of England
Phanerozoic	Cenozoic	Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan														Wanganui	Haweran			Cenozoic 6		0
				Northgrippian																				0.0042
				Greenlandian																				0.0082
			Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene																				0.0117
				Chibanian																				0.129
				Chibanian															Castlecliffian					0.34
				Calabrian															Castlecliffian					0.774
				Calabrian															Nukumaruan					1.63
				Gelasian															Nukumaruan					1.8
				Gelasian															Mangapanian					2.4
		Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian															Mangapanian					2.58
				Piacenzian															Waipipian					3
				Zanclean															Waipipian					3.6
				Zanclean															Opoitian					3.7
			Miocene	Messinian														Taranaki	Kapitean					5.333
				Messinian															Tongaporutuan					7.2
				Tortonian															Tongaporutuan					7.246
				Tortonian														Southland	Waiauan					11.04
				Serravallian															Waiauan			Cenozoic 5		11.63
				Serravallian															Lillburnian					13.05
				Langhian															Lillburnian					13.82
																			Clifdenian					15.1
																		Pareora	Altonian					15.9
				Burdigalian															Altonian					15.98
				Burdigalian															Otaian					18.7
				Aquitanian															Otaian					20.44
				Aquitanian														Landon	Waitakian					21.7
		Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian															Waitakian			Cenozoic 4		23.03
																			Duntroonian					25.2
																			Whaingaroan					27.3
				Rupelian																				27.82
			Eocene	Priabonian																		Cenozoic 3		33.9
																		Arnold	Runangan					34.6
																			Kaiatan					36.7
				Bartonian															Kaiatan					37.71
				Bartonian															Bortonian					39.1
				Lutetian															Bortonian			Cenozoic 2		41.2
																		Dannevirke	Porangan					42.6
																			Heretaungan					45.7
				Ypresian															Heretaungan					47.8
																			Mangaorapan					48.9
																			Waipawan					52
			Paleocene	Thanetian															Teurian			Cenozoic 1		56
				Selandian																				59.2
				Danian																				61.6
	Mesozoic	Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian							Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian		Senonian					Mata	Haumurian			Cretaceous 8		66
				Campanian							Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian								Haumurian			Cretaceous 7		72.1
				Santonian							Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian								Piripauan			Cretaceous 6		83.6
				Santonian							Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian							Raukumara	Teratan					86.1
				Coniacian							Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian													86.3
				Turonian							Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian													89.8
																			Mangaotanean					90.5
																			Arowhanan					93.7
				Cenomanian							Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian								Arowhanan			Cretaceous 5		93.9
																		Clarence	Ngaterian					95.2
																			Motuan					99.5
			Early Cretaceous	Albian							Late Albian		Gallic						Motuan			Cretaceous 4		100.5
											Late Albian								Urutawan					103.3
											Middle Albian								Urutawan					106.2 *
											Middle Albian							Taitai	Korangan					108.4
											Early Albian													109.9 *
				Aptian							Late Aptian											Cretaceous 3		113
											Late Aptian													117.5
											Early Aptian													119.5 *
Barremian				Late Barremian/Early Barremian	Cretaceous 2	121.4
Hauterivian				Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian	Cretaceous 2	Neocomian	125.77
Valanginian				Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian	Cretaceous 1		132.6
Berriasian				Late Berriasian			139.8
				Middle Berriasian			140.6 *
				Early Berriasian			142.7 *
Jurassic		Late Jurassic	Tithonian	Late Tithonian	Middle Tithonian			Jurassic 6	145
			Tithonian	Early Tithonian	Middle Tithonian			Jurassic 6	146.3 *
			Kimmeridgian	Late Kimmeridgian				Jurassic 5	149.2
			Kimmeridgian	Early Kimmeridgian					152.2 *
			Oxfordian	Late Oxfordian	Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian				154.8
			Oxfordian		Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian				157.9 *
		Middle Jurassic	Callovian	Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian					161.5
			Bathonian	Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian				Jurassic 4	165.3
			Bajocian	Late Bajocian					168.2
			Bajocian	Early Bajocian					168.6 *
			Aalenian	Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian				Jurassic 3	170.9
		Early Jurassic	Toarcian	Late Toarcian					174.7
				Middle Toarcian					180.4 *
				Early Toarcian					182.9 *
			Pliensbachian	Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian				Jurassic 2	184.2
			Sinemurian	Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian				Jurassic 1	192.9
			Hettangian	Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian				Jurassic 1	199.5
Triassic		Late Triassic	Rhaetian					Triassic 4	201.4
			Norian	Sevatian					208.5
				Alaunian					213.2 *
				Lacian					216.7 *
			Carnian	Tuvalian				Triassic 3	227
			Carnian	Julian				Triassic 3	233.4 *
		Middle Triassic	Ladinian	Longobardian				Triassic 2	237
			Ladinian	Fassanian					239.7 *
			Anisian	Illyrian					242
				Pelsonian					243.8 *
				Bithynian					244.7 *
				Aegean					245.5 *
		Early Triassic	Olenekian	Spathian				Triassic 1	247.2
			Olenekian	Smithian					248.9 *
			Induan	Dienerian					251.2
			Induan	Griesbachian					251.4 *
Paleozoic	Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian					Permian 4	251.902
		Lopingian	Wuchiapingian						254.14
		Guadalupian	Capitanian						259.51
			Wordian						264.28
			Roadian					Permian 3	266.9
		Cisuralian	Kungurian					Permian 2	273.01
			Artinskian						283.5
			Sakmarian						290.1
			Asselian					Permian 1	293.52
	Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian					Carboniferous 5	298.9
			Kasimovian					Carboniferous 5	303.7
			Moscovian					Carboniferous 4	307
			Bashkirian					Carboniferous 4	315.2
		Mississippian	Serpukhovian					Carboniferous 3	323.2
			Visean					Carboniferous 2	330.9
			Tournaisian					Carboniferous 1	346.7
	Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian					Devonian 5	358.9
		Late Devonian	Frasnian					Devonian 4	372.2
		Middle Devonian	Givetian					Devonian 3	382.7
		Middle Devonian	Eifelian					Devonian 3	387.7
		Early Devonian	Emsian					Devonian 2	393.3
			Pragian					Devonian 1	407.6
			Lochkovian					Devonian 1	410.8
	Silurian	Pridoli						Silurian 2	Red Downtonian/Temeside Shales/Downton Castle	Whitcliffe/Leintwardine	419.2
		Pridoli							Red Downtonian/Temeside Shales/Downton Castle	Bringewood/Elton	421.3
		Ludlow	Ludfordian						Coalbrookdale	Wenlock (England)/Tickwood	423
			Gorstian								425.6
			Gorstian							Buildwas	426.4 *
		Wenlock	Homerian							Buildwas	427.4
			Homerian						Wych	Woolhope	428.4 *
			Sheinwoodian								430.5
		Llandovery	Telychian			Silurian 1	433.4
			Telychian					436.3 *
			Aeronian					438.5
			Aeronian					Cowleigh Park	439.3 *
			Rhuddanian					Cowleigh Park	440.8
	Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian			Cincinnatian		Gamachian	Harju	Porkuni	Ordovician 5		Kosovian	443.8
			Katian		Pirgu			Gamachian		Kralodvorian			Bohdalec †	445.2
					Pirgu			Richmondian						446 *
					Vormsi									449.6 *
										Berounian				449.7 *
								Maysvillian						Rocklandian †/Shermanian/Ashbyan/Kirkfieldian/Blackriveran/Wildernessian/Trentonian/Franklinian	449.8 *
					Nabala			Maysvillian							Johvi †	450 *
					Nabala			Edenian								450.4 *
					Viru			Edenian	Rakvere							450.6 *
						Mohawkian		Chatfieldian	Rakvere							451.1 *
									Oandu							452 *
			Sandbian						Keila		Idavere †				Ordovician 4	453
								Turinian	Keila							453.7 *
									Haljala							453.9
									Haljala							Zahorany †/Vinice	Letna †	456.2 *
									Kukruse									456.4 *
						Whiterockian			Kukruse					Canadian †				Chazyan †/Marmor	457 *
									Uhaku		Aluoja †								457.5 *
													Liben †						458 *
		Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian												Ordovician 3				458.4
										Dobrotivian									458.5 *
									Lasnamagi	Dobrotivian									458.9 *
									Lasnamagi	Oretanian									459.7 *
									Aseri										460.4 *
									Aseri				Sarka †						461.7 *
					Oeland				Kunda										462.9 *
									Kunda		Valaste †/Hunderum								464.3 *
									Volkhov										Langevoja †/Vaana/Saka	467.1 *
Dapingian			Ordovician 2	Klabava †									467.3
										Arenigian			468
								Rangerian					469.1 *
								Rangerian	Billingen				469.3 *
Early Ordovician		Floian				Ibexian		Blackhillsian					Jeffersonian †		Cassinian †			470
											Latorp †								470.1 *
									Hunneberg										473.7 *
								Tulean											473.9 *
		Tremadocian	Ordovician 1	Tremadocian				Tulean											477.7
								Stairsian											480.3 *
								Stairsian	Varangu										481.3 *
								Skullrockian	Varangu						Demingian †				482 *
									Pakerort						Demingian †				482.2 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10							Pakerort					Franconian †/Dresbachian/Millardan	Cambrian 5					485.4
																				486.3 *
																				486.5
																				Sunwaptan	487.5
		Jiangshanian																		Sunwaptan	489.5
		Jiangshanian																		Steptoean	493 *
		Paibian																		Steptoean	494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian												Marjumian	Albertian †					Cambrian 4	497
		Drumian												Marjumian						Cambrian 4	500.5
		Wuliuan												Topazan						Cambrian 3	504.5
		Wuliuan												Delamaran							506.5
	Series 2	Stage 4												Delamaran	Waucoban †						509
		Stage 4												Dyeran							511 *
		Stage 3												Dyeran						Cambrian 2	514
														Montezuman							514.8 *
														Begadean							519.9 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2																			521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian																		Cambrian 1	529
Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran																		Vendian			538.8
		Cryogenian																		635
		Tonian																		720
		Tonian					Karatau													800
	Mesoproterozoic	Stenian					Karatau													1000
		Stenian					Yurmatian					1100
		Ectasian					Yurmatian					1200
		Ectasian					Burzyan					1375
																								1400