PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
M. Kretzoi. 1942. Necroteuthis n. g. (Ceph. Dibr., Necroteuthidae N. F.) aus dem Oligozän von Budapest und das system der Dibranchiata. Földtani Közlöny 72:125-238 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 127472 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Ordovician of North America						Mesozoic Subages		Silurian of North America			Cambrian of Australia	Devonian of France	Ammonite Chrons of North America			Carboniferous of Western Europe		Ten Million Year Bins	Silurian of England
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan																			Cenozoic 6		0
		Northgrippian																					0.0042
		Greenlandian																					0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene																					0.0117
		Chibanian																					0.129
		Calabrian																					0.774
		Gelasian																					1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian																					2.58
	Pliocene	Zanclean																					3.6
	Miocene	Messinian																					5.333
		Tortonian																					7.246
		Serravallian																			Cenozoic 5		11.63
		Langhian																					13.82
		Burdigalian																					15.98
		Aquitanian																					20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian																			Cenozoic 4		23.03
	Oligocene	Rupelian																			Cenozoic 4		27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian																			Cenozoic 3		33.9
		Bartonian																			Cenozoic 3		37.71
		Lutetian																			Cenozoic 2		41.2
		Ypresian																			Cenozoic 2		47.8
	Paleocene	Thanetian																			Cenozoic 1		56
		Selandian																					59.2
		Danian																					61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian							Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian												Cretaceous 8		66
		Campanian							Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian												Cretaceous 7		72.1
		Santonian							Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian												Cretaceous 6		83.6
		Coniacian							Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian														86.3
		Turonian							Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian														89.8
		Cenomanian							Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian												Cretaceous 5		93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian							Late Albian												Cretaceous 4		100.5
									Middle Albian														106.2 *
									Early Albian														109.9 *
		Aptian							Late Aptian												Cretaceous 3		113
		Aptian							Early Aptian												Cretaceous 3		119.5 *
		Barremian							Late Barremian/Early Barremian												Cretaceous 2		121.4
		Hauterivian							Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian												Cretaceous 2		125.77
		Valanginian							Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian												Cretaceous 1		132.6
		Berriasian							Late Berriasian														139.8
									Middle Berriasian														140.6 *
									Early Berriasian														142.7 *
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian							Late Tithonian	Middle Tithonian											Jurassic 6		145
		Tithonian							Early Tithonian	Middle Tithonian											Jurassic 6		146.3 *
		Kimmeridgian							Late Kimmeridgian												Jurassic 5		149.2
		Kimmeridgian							Early Kimmeridgian														152.2 *
		Oxfordian							Late Oxfordian	Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian													154.8
		Oxfordian								Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian													157.9 *
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian							Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian														161.5
		Bathonian							Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian												Jurassic 4		165.3
		Bajocian							Late Bajocian							Epizigzagiceras							168.2
									Late Bajocian							Rotundum/Oblatum/Kirschneri/Crassicostatus/Widebayense							168.4
									Early Bajocian							Rotundum/Oblatum/Kirschneri/Crassicostatus/Widebayense							168.6 *
		Aalenian							Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian							Howelli/Scissum/Westermanni					Jurassic 3		170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian							Late Toarcian							Yakounensis/Hillebrandti/Crassicosta							174.7
																Planulata							179.3 *
																		Arnioceras arnouldi					179.8 *
									Middle Toarcian														180.4 *
																Kanense							181.3 *
																Carlottense							182.3 *
									Early Toarcian							Carlottense							182.9 *
									Early Toarcian							Kunae							183.5 *
		Pliensbachian							Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian							Kunae					Jurassic 2		184.2
																Freboldi							185.1 *
																Whiteavesi/Imlayi	Tetraspidoceras						186.2 *
				189.2 *													Tetraspidoceras
			Plesechioceras harbledownense/Asteroceras varians/Coroniceras	Canadensis	190.3 *
		Sinemurian			Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian	Jurassic 1	192.9
			Pseudaetomoceras				Psiloceras	196.4 *
			Franziceras/Euphyllites					196.5 *
		Hettangian	Franziceras/Euphyllites		Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian			199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian					Triassic 4	201.4
		Norian	Sevatian					208.5
			Alaunian					213.2 *
			Lacian					216.7 *
		Carnian	Tuvalian				Triassic 3	227
		Carnian	Julian				Triassic 3	233.4 *
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian	Longobardian				Triassic 2	237
		Ladinian	Fassanian					239.7 *
		Anisian	Illyrian					242
			Pelsonian					243.8 *
			Bithynian					244.7 *
			Aegean					245.5 *
	Early Triassic	Olenekian	Spathian				Triassic 1	247.2
		Olenekian	Smithian					248.9 *
		Induan	Dienerian					251.2
		Induan	Griesbachian					251.4 *
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian					Permian 4	251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian						254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian						259.51
		Wordian						264.28
		Roadian					Permian 3	266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian					Permian 2	273.01
		Artinskian						283.5
		Sakmarian						290.1
		Asselian					Permian 1	293.52
		Asselian					Permian 1	Kuzel	297.7
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian					Carboniferous 5	Kuzel	298.9
								Stephanian	Stephanian C		300.3 *
									Stephanian B		300.9 *
									Stephanian A		301.4 *
		Kasimovian							Stephanian A		303.7
		Kasimovian							Cantabrian		305 *
		Moscovian					Carboniferous 4		Cantabrian		307
								Westphalian	Westphalian D		307.4 *
									Westphalian C		309.8
									Westphalian B		314.6
		Bashkirian							Westphalian B		315.2
									Westphalian A		317 *
								Namurian	Yeadonian		318.8 *
									Marsdenian		320.2 *
									Kinderscoutian		321.5 *
									Alportian	322 *
									Chokierian	323.1 *
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian					Carboniferous 3		Chokierian	323.2
									Arnsbergian	324 *
									Pendleian	327.4 *
		Visean					Warnantian	Brigantian †	Carboniferous 2	330.9
							Livian	Asbian †		336.3 *
							Moliniacian	Holkerian †/Arundian/Chadian		340.2 *
		Tournaisian					Ivorian		Carboniferous 1	346.7
		Tournaisian					Hastarian		Carboniferous 1	353.7 *
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian					Famennian			Devonian 5	358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian					Frasnian			Devonian 4	372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian					Givetian			Devonian 3	382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian					Couvinien			Devonian 3	387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian								Devonian 2	393.3
		Pragian								Devonian 1	407.6
		Pragian					Coblencien				408.2 *
		Lochkovian					Gedinnine				410.8
Silurian	Pridoli						Cayugan				Silurian 2	Red Downtonian/Temeside Shales/Downton Castle	Whitcliffe/Leintwardine	419.2
							Cayugan						Bringewood/Elton	421.3
							Niagaran						Bringewood/Elton	422.5 *
	Ludlow	Ludfordian		Coalbrookdale								Wenlock (England)/Tickwood	423
		Gorstian											425.6
		Gorstian			Buildwas	426.4 *
	Wenlock	Homerian			Buildwas	Lockportian						427.4
		Homerian		Wych	Woolhope	Lockportian						428.4 *
		Sheinwoodian										430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian				Ontarian					Silurian 1	433.4
		Telychian										436.3 *
		Aeronian										438.5
												Alexandrian	438.7 *
				Cowleigh Park									439.3 *
						Medinan	Clinton						440.1 *
													440.7 *
		Rhuddanian											440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian		Cincinnatian		Gamachian							Ordovician 5		Kosovian	443.8
		Katian				Gamachian									Kralodvorian	Bohdalec †	445.2
						Richmondian									Kralodvorian		446 *
						Richmondian									Berounian		449.7 *
			Maysvillian			Rocklandian †/Shermanian/Ashbyan/Kirkfieldian/Blackriveran/Wildernessian/Trentonian/Franklinian											449.8 *
			Edenian														450.4 *
			Mohawkian	Chatfieldian													451.1 *
		Sandbian		Chatfieldian									Ordovician 4				453
				Turinian													453.7 *
				Turinian													Zahorany †/Vinice	Letna †	456.2 *
			Whiterockian			Canadian †											Zahorany †/Vinice		Chazyan †/Marmor	457 *
																Liben †				458 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian											Ordovician 3							458.4
															Dobrotivian					458.5 *
															Oretanian					459.7 *
																Sarka †				461.7 *
		Dapingian											Ordovician 2			Klabava †				467.3
															Arenigian					468
				Rangerian																469.1 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian	Ibexian	Blackhillsian															Jeffersonian †	Cassinian †	470
		Floian		Tulean																	473.9 *
		Tremadocian		Tulean									Ordovician 1		Tremadocian						477.7
				Stairsian																	480.3 *
				Skullrockian																Demingian †	482 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10																	Datsonian	Cambrian 5		485.4
																			Payntonian			486.8 *
																			Payntonian			487.5
		Jiangshanian																	Iverian			489.5
		Paibian																	Idamean			494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian																	Mindyallan	Cambrian 4		497
		Guzhangian																	Boomerangian			499
		Drumian																	Undillan			500.5
		Drumian																	Floran			503
		Wuliuan																	Templetonian	Cambrian 3		504.5
		Wuliuan																	Ordian			507.8 *
	Series 2	Stage 4																	Ordian			509
		Stage 4																				510.8 *
		Stage 3						Cambrian 2												514
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2						Cambrian 2												521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian						Cambrian 1	529
																							538.8