PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
M. Kretzoi. 1942. Necroteuthis n. g. (Ceph. Dibr., Necroteuthidae N. F.) aus dem Oligozän von Budapest und das system der Dibranchiata. Földtani Közlöny 72:125-238 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126762 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Ordovician of North America					Mesozoic Subages		Carboniferous of Western Europe
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian						Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian				66
		Campanian						Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian				72.1
		Santonian						Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian				83.6
		Coniacian						Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian				86.3
		Turonian						Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian				89.8
		Cenomanian						Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian				93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian						Late Albian				100.5
								Middle Albian				106.2 *
								Early Albian				109.9 *
		Aptian						Late Aptian				113
		Aptian						Early Aptian				119.5 *
		Barremian						Late Barremian/Early Barremian				121.4
		Hauterivian						Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian				125.77
		Valanginian						Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian				132.6
		Berriasian						Late Berriasian				139.8
								Middle Berriasian				140.6 *
								Early Berriasian				142.7 *
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian						Late Tithonian	Middle Tithonian			145
		Tithonian						Early Tithonian	Middle Tithonian			146.3 *
		Kimmeridgian						Late Kimmeridgian				149.2
		Kimmeridgian						Early Kimmeridgian				152.2 *
		Oxfordian						Late Oxfordian	Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian			154.8
		Oxfordian							Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian			157.9 *
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian						Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian				161.5
		Bathonian						Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian				165.3
		Bajocian						Late Bajocian				168.2
		Bajocian						Early Bajocian				168.6 *
		Aalenian						Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian				170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian						Late Toarcian				174.7
								Middle Toarcian				180.4 *
								Early Toarcian				182.9 *
		Pliensbachian						Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian				184.2
		Sinemurian						Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian				192.9
		Hettangian						Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian				199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian										201.4
		Norian						Sevatian				208.5
								Alaunian				213.2 *
								Lacian				216.7 *
		Carnian						Tuvalian				227
		Carnian						Julian				233.4 *
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian						Longobardian				237
		Ladinian						Fassanian				239.7 *
		Anisian						Illyrian				242
								Pelsonian				243.8 *
								Bithynian				244.7 *
								Aegean				245.5 *
	Early Triassic	Olenekian						Spathian				247.2
		Olenekian						Smithian				248.9 *
		Induan						Dienerian				251.2
		Induan						Griesbachian				251.4 *
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian										251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian										254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian										259.51
		Wordian										264.28
		Roadian										266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian										273.01
		Artinskian										283.5
		Sakmarian										290.1
		Asselian										293.52
		Asselian								Kuzel		297.7
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian								Kuzel		298.9
										Stephanian	Stephanian C	300.3 *
											Stephanian B	300.9 *
											Stephanian A	301.4 *
		Kasimovian	303.7								Stephanian A
		Kasimovian	Cantabrian	305 *
		Moscovian	Cantabrian	307
			Westphalian	Westphalian D	307.4 *
				Westphalian C	309.8
				Westphalian B	314.6
		Bashkirian		Westphalian B	315.2
				Westphalian A	317 *
			Namurian	Yeadonian	318.8 *
				Marsdenian	320.2 *
				Kinderscoutian	321.5 *
				Alportian	322 *
				Chokierian	323.1 *
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian		Chokierian	323.2
				Arnsbergian	324 *
				Pendleian	327.4 *
		Visean	Warnantian	Brigantian †	330.9
			Livian	Asbian †	336.3 *
			Moliniacian	Holkerian †/Arundian/Chadian	340.2 *
		Tournaisian	Ivorian		346.7
		Tournaisian	Hastarian		353.7 *
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian			358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian			372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian			382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian			387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian			393.3
		Pragian			407.6
		Lochkovian			410.8
Silurian	Pridoli				Ohesaare	419.2
	Pridoli				Kaugetuma	421.7 *
	Ludlow	Ludfordian			Kuressaare	423
		Ludfordian			Paadla	423.4 *
		Gorstian			Paadla	425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian			Rootsikula	427.4
		Homerian			Jaagarahu	429.2 *
		Sheinwoodian			Jaagarahu	430.5
		Sheinwoodian			Jaani	431.8 *
	Llandovery	Telychian			Jaani	433.4
		Telychian			Adavere	434 *
		Aeronian			Adavere	438.5
		Aeronian			Raikkula	439.4 *
		Rhuddanian			Raikkula	440.8
		Rhuddanian			Juuru	441.4 *
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian			Cincinnatian	Gamachian	443.8
		Katian				Gamachian	445.2
						Richmondian	446 *
						Maysvillian	Rocklandian †/Shermanian/Ashbyan/Kirkfieldian/Blackriveran/Wildernessian/Trentonian/Franklinian		449.8 *
						Edenian			450.4 *
					Mohawkian	Chatfieldian			451.1 *
		Sandbian				Chatfieldian			453
						Turinian		453.7 *
					Whiterockian		Canadian †	Chazyan †/Marmor	457 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian							458.4
		Dapingian							467.3
		Dapingian				Rangerian			469.1 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian			Ibexian	Blackhillsian		Jeffersonian †	Cassinian †	470
		Floian				Tulean				473.9 *
		Tremadocian				Tulean				477.7
						Stairsian				480.3 *
						Skullrockian			Demingian †	482 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10				Skullrockian				485.4
												487.5