PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
M. Kretzoi. 1942. Necroteuthis n. g. (Ceph. Dibr., Necroteuthidae N. F.) aus dem Oligozän von Budapest und das system der Dibranchiata. Földtani Közlöny 72:125-238 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126848 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Ordovician of North America						Mesozoic Subages		Permian of the Russian Platform		Carboniferous of North America	Cambrian Epochs	North American Land Mammal Ages	Ten Million Year Bins
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan													Saintaugustinean	Cenozoic 6	0
		Meghalayan													Santarosean		0.0004
		Northgrippian															0.0042
		Greenlandian															0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene															0.0117
		Late Pleistocene													Rancholabrean		0.014
		Chibanian													Rancholabrean		0.129
		Chibanian													Irvingtonian		0.21
		Calabrian													Irvingtonian		0.774
		Calabrian													Blancan		1.4
		Gelasian															1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian															2.58
		Zanclean															3.6
		Zanclean													Hemphillian		4.7
	Miocene	Messinian															5.333
		Tortonian															7.246
		Tortonian													Clarendonian		9.4
		Serravallian													Clarendonian	Cenozoic 5	11.63
		Serravallian													Barstovian		12.5
		Langhian															13.82
		Burdigalian															15.98
															Hemingfordian		16.3
															Arikareean		18.5
		Aquitanian															20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian														Cenozoic 4	23.03
		Rupelian															27.82
															Whitneyan		29.5
															Orellan		31.8
	Eocene	Priabonian													Chadronian	Cenozoic 3	33.9
		Priabonian													Duchesnean		37
		Bartonian													Duchesnean		37.71
		Bartonian													Uintan		39.7
		Lutetian													Uintan	Cenozoic 2	41.2
		Lutetian													Bridgerian		46.2
		Ypresian													Bridgerian		47.8
															Wasatchian		50.5
															Clarkforkian		54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian													Clarkforkian	Cenozoic 1	56
		Thanetian													Tiffanian		56.2
		Selandian													Tiffanian		59.2
		Selandian													Torrejonian		60.9
		Danian													Torrejonian		61.6
		Danian													Puercan		63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian							Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian							Cretaceous 8	66
		Campanian							Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian							Cretaceous 7	72.1
		Santonian							Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian							Cretaceous 6	83.6
		Coniacian							Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian								86.3
		Turonian							Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian								89.8
		Cenomanian							Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian							Cretaceous 5	93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian							Late Albian							Cretaceous 4	100.5
									Middle Albian								106.2 *
									Early Albian								109.9 *
		Aptian							Late Aptian							Cretaceous 3	113
		Aptian							Early Aptian							Cretaceous 3	119.5 *
		Barremian							Late Barremian/Early Barremian							Cretaceous 2	121.4
		Hauterivian							Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian							Cretaceous 2	125.77
		Valanginian							Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian							Cretaceous 1	132.6
		Berriasian							Late Berriasian								139.8
									Middle Berriasian								140.6 *
									Early Berriasian								142.7 *
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian							Late Tithonian	Middle Tithonian						Jurassic 6	145
		Tithonian							Early Tithonian	Middle Tithonian						Jurassic 6	146.3 *
		Kimmeridgian							Late Kimmeridgian							Jurassic 5	149.2
		Kimmeridgian							Early Kimmeridgian								152.2 *
		Oxfordian	Late Oxfordian	Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian	154.8
		Oxfordian		Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian	157.9 *
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian	Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian		161.5
		Bathonian	Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian		Jurassic 4	165.3
		Bajocian	Late Bajocian			168.2
		Bajocian	Early Bajocian			168.6 *
		Aalenian	Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian		Jurassic 3	170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian	Late Toarcian			174.7
			Middle Toarcian			180.4 *
			Early Toarcian			182.9 *
		Pliensbachian	Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian		Jurassic 2	184.2
		Sinemurian	Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian		Jurassic 1	192.9
		Hettangian	Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian		Jurassic 1	199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian			Triassic 4	201.4
		Norian	Sevatian			208.5
			Alaunian			213.2 *
			Lacian			216.7 *
		Carnian	Tuvalian		Triassic 3	227
		Carnian	Julian		Triassic 3	233.4 *
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian	Longobardian		Triassic 2	237
		Ladinian	Fassanian			239.7 *
		Anisian	Illyrian			242
			Pelsonian			243.8 *
			Bithynian			244.7 *
			Aegean			245.5 *
	Early Triassic	Olenekian	Spathian		Triassic 1	247.2
		Olenekian	Smithian			248.9 *
		Induan	Dienerian			251.2
		Induan	Griesbachian			251.4 *
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian			Permian 4	251.902
		Wuchiapingian				254.14
		Wuchiapingian				Tatarian	Vyatkian	256.8 *
	Guadalupian	Capitanian					Severodvinian	259.51
		Wordian					Urzhumian	264.28
		Roadian			Kazanian	Povolzhian	Permian 3	266.9
		Roadian			Kazanian	Sokian	Permian 3	270.7 *
	Cisuralian	Kungurian			Kungurian	Irenian/Ufimian	Permian 2	273.01
						Filipovian		276.5 *
						Saraninian		280.1 *
		Artinskian			Artinskian	Sarginian		283.5
						Irginian		285.9 *
						Burtsevian		287.8 *
		Sakmarian			Sakmarian	Sterlitamakian		290.1
		Sakmarian			Sakmarian	Tastubian		291.7 *
		Asselian			Asselian	Shikhanian	Bursumian †	Permian 1	293.52
						Uskalykian			294.8
						Surenian			297.5
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian					Virgilian	Carboniferous 5	298.9
		Kasimovian					Missourian		303.7
		Kasimovian					Desmoinesian		305.9 *
		Moscovian					Desmoinesian	Carboniferous 4	307
		Moscovian					Atokan		312.7 *
		Bashkirian					Atokan		315.2
		Bashkirian					Morrowan		318.4 *
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian					Chesterian	Carboniferous 3	323.2
		Visean					Chesterian	Carboniferous 2	330.9
							Meramecian		335.8 *
							Osagean		343.1 *
		Tournaisian					Osagean	Carboniferous 1	346.7
		Tournaisian					Kinderhookian	Carboniferous 1	351.9 *
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian						Devonian 5	358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian						Devonian 4	372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian						Devonian 3	382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian						Devonian 3	387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian						Devonian 2	393.3
		Pragian						Devonian 1	407.6
		Lochkovian		410.8				Devonian 1
Silurian	Pridoli			Silurian 2				419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian						423
	Ludlow	Gorstian						425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian						427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian						430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian		Silurian 1				433.4
		Aeronian						438.5
		Rhuddanian						440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian		Cincinnatian				Gamachian	Ordovician 5	443.8
		Katian						Gamachian		445.2
								Richmondian		446 *
								Maysvillian		Rocklandian †/Shermanian/Ashbyan/Kirkfieldian/Blackriveran/Wildernessian/Trentonian/Franklinian	449.8 *
								Edenian			450.4 *
				Mohawkian				Chatfieldian			451.1 *
		Sandbian						Chatfieldian	Ordovician 4		453
								Turinian			453.7 *
				Whiterockian						Canadian †	Chazyan †/Marmor	457 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian							Ordovician 3			458.4
		Dapingian							Ordovician 2			467.3
		Dapingian						Rangerian				469.1 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian		Ibexian				Blackhillsian			Jeffersonian †	Cassinian †	470
		Floian						Tulean					473.9 *
		Tremadocian						Tulean	Ordovician 1				477.7
								Stairsian					480.3 *
								Skullrockian				Demingian †	482 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10						Skullrockian				Late Cambrian	Cambrian 5	Franconian †/Dresbachian/Millardan	485.4
		Stage 10						Sunwaptan							487.5
		Jiangshanian						Sunwaptan							489.5
		Jiangshanian						Steptoean							493 *
		Paibian						Steptoean							494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian						Middle Cambrian				Cambrian 4	Marjumian	Albertian †	497
		Drumian										Cambrian 4	Marjumian		500.5
		Wuliuan										Cambrian 3	Topazan		504.5
		Wuliuan											Delamaran		506.5
	Series 2	Stage 4						Early Cambrian					Delamaran	Waucoban †	509
		Stage 4											Dyeran		511 *
		Stage 3										Cambrian 2	Dyeran		514
													Montezuman		514.8 *
													Begadean		519.9 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2													521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian										Cambrian 1			529
																	538.8